To establish and prove an identity, such identity must first be created through a well-defined registration process.

Our findings show that interoperability in the African identity ecosystem is vital to strengthen the seamless authentication and verification of identity holder

This investigation identified the current limitations of solutions and provided the basis for our findings, which are relevant to achieving interoperability.

There are very few research-based approaches for cross-border interoperable identity systems. Shibboleth is the de facto standard for identity management

From the findings, developing countries must also make provisions for a single, consolidated, and standardized view of civil registrations