📰
465.Shovel - лопата
466.Scoop - зачерпывание, вычерпывание
467.Kitchen scraps - кухонные отходы
468.Lawn clippings - обрезки газона, травы
469.Rind - кожура, кожица (плода)
470.Kale - листовая капуста
@ege_multiple_choice
465.Shovel - лопата
466.Scoop - зачерпывание, вычерпывание
467.Kitchen scraps - кухонные отходы
468.Lawn clippings - обрезки газона, травы
469.Rind - кожура, кожица (плода)
470.Kale - листовая капуста
@ege_multiple_choice
It’s worth mentioning the vast range of things people successfully compost at home. While most backyard piles aren’t capable of breaking down a “compostable” bioplastic fork (which does break down sustainably but can last for years outside of an industrial composting setting), people have composted фруктовое мороженое на палочке sticks, fingernail clippings, bones, T-shirts, blue jeans — чëрт возьми, even a copy of Ron Paul’s The Revolution: A Manifesto. (Hohman, who composted the book after “downgrad[ing it] from table leg support,” specifies that he first removed the cover).
The bones, the T-shirt, or the book disappears and comes out as a nutrient-rich, dark brown перегной. But the produce stickers remain.
Produce stickers, which are often made of plastic, will maintain their shape and sometimes their bright colors, though they often wash out to a blinding white. When compost has fully broken down, they stand out like a sore thumb — perfect little ovals, circles, and прямоугольники contrasting sharply against the dark brown earth of finished compost.
“It seems like they can get away with just not putting stickers on the fruit, and we would be OK,” says Simpson. “But I’m just some guy who eats fruit … so there might be something I don’t know.”
The Produce Marketing Association (PMA), which has since become the International Fresh Produce Association (IFPA), created the Price Look Up (PLU) system and its accompanying scourge of stickers starting in 1988. A PLU sticker has a number and sometimes a штрих код.
It exists to help a cashier correctly ring up produce at checkout. The stickers themselves consist of three components: клеящее вещество, plastic or paper, and ink. The stickers are required to be food grade — but that isn’t the same thing as being compostable. Chewing gum, instance, isn’t compostable, an interesting fact that has finally gotten me to stop swallowing my chewing gum.
@quiz_articles
The bones, the T-shirt, or the book disappears and comes out as a nutrient-rich, dark brown перегной. But the produce stickers remain.
Produce stickers, which are often made of plastic, will maintain their shape and sometimes their bright colors, though they often wash out to a blinding white. When compost has fully broken down, they stand out like a sore thumb — perfect little ovals, circles, and прямоугольники contrasting sharply against the dark brown earth of finished compost.
“It seems like they can get away with just not putting stickers on the fruit, and we would be OK,” says Simpson. “But I’m just some guy who eats fruit … so there might be something I don’t know.”
The Produce Marketing Association (PMA), which has since become the International Fresh Produce Association (IFPA), created the Price Look Up (PLU) system and its accompanying scourge of stickers starting in 1988. A PLU sticker has a number and sometimes a штрих код.
It exists to help a cashier correctly ring up produce at checkout. The stickers themselves consist of three components: клеящее вещество, plastic or paper, and ink. The stickers are required to be food grade — but that isn’t the same thing as being compostable. Chewing gum, instance, isn’t compostable, an interesting fact that has finally gotten me to stop swallowing my chewing gum.
@quiz_articles
📰
471.Popsicle - фруктовое мороженое на палочке
472.Heck - чëрт, чëрт возьми
473.Humus - [ˈhjuːməs] - перегной
474.Rectangle - прямоугольник
475.Bar code - штрих-код
476.Adhesive - клей, клеящее вещество
@ege_multiple_choice
471.Popsicle - фруктовое мороженое на палочке
472.Heck - чëрт, чëрт возьми
473.Humus - [ˈhjuːməs] - перегной
474.Rectangle - прямоугольник
475.Bar code - штрих-код
476.Adhesive - клей, клеящее вещество
@ege_multiple_choice
“Many of the individual components that make a PLU sticker can be either recyclable or пригодными для компостирования,” claims the International Federation for Produce Standards, a larger industry group that includes the IFPA. But what good is it for the glue to be compostable if it’s stuck to plastic that isn’t? The IFPS acknowledges that recyclers see the stickers as “загрязнять to the recycling process.”
Following the passage of laws in Europe that ban various kinds of single-use plastics, the IFPA, in соединении with other industry groups and the USDA, is now looking into developing PLU stickers that can be composted at home.
This move comes after many years of criticism and proposed solutions, including a very fanciful idea for laser-etched fruit. “Trying to create the combination of the adhesive, substrate (plastic or paper) and ink to be home compostable and durable enough to stay adhered to the produce through the supply chain is not an easy task,” Ed Treacy, vice president of supply chain and sustainability for IFPA, wrote in an email.
Both Cheverton and Hohman think that the stickers are more of an annoyance than a real problem. “The earth would probably be fine if we didn’t fish the stickers out of the compost,” says Cheverton.
“But the solution is just so easy it’s frustrating that no grower / packer is willing to just switch to биоразлагаемые paper stickers.”
“I could say it causes a little беспокойство over the sheer amount of plastic that permeates our world,” says Hohman. “It’s symbolic of the problem.” He called the stickers “a 10,000-year monument to that time I bought a couple over-ripe kiwis and a tomato.”
The actual lifespan of the sticker is probably on the order of decades, or possibly centuries, after which the sticker will likely erode into microplastics that permeate the water and the air and everything around us.
But that’s hardly reassuring. Oceans rise, empires fall, and the produce sticker remains — непокорëнные, undefeated, and thoroughly un-compostable.
@quiz_articles
Following the passage of laws in Europe that ban various kinds of single-use plastics, the IFPA, in соединении with other industry groups and the USDA, is now looking into developing PLU stickers that can be composted at home.
This move comes after many years of criticism and proposed solutions, including a very fanciful idea for laser-etched fruit. “Trying to create the combination of the adhesive, substrate (plastic or paper) and ink to be home compostable and durable enough to stay adhered to the produce through the supply chain is not an easy task,” Ed Treacy, vice president of supply chain and sustainability for IFPA, wrote in an email.
Both Cheverton and Hohman think that the stickers are more of an annoyance than a real problem. “The earth would probably be fine if we didn’t fish the stickers out of the compost,” says Cheverton.
“But the solution is just so easy it’s frustrating that no grower / packer is willing to just switch to биоразлагаемые paper stickers.”
“I could say it causes a little беспокойство over the sheer amount of plastic that permeates our world,” says Hohman. “It’s symbolic of the problem.” He called the stickers “a 10,000-year monument to that time I bought a couple over-ripe kiwis and a tomato.”
The actual lifespan of the sticker is probably on the order of decades, or possibly centuries, after which the sticker will likely erode into microplastics that permeate the water and the air and everything around us.
But that’s hardly reassuring. Oceans rise, empires fall, and the produce sticker remains — непокорëнные, undefeated, and thoroughly un-compostable.
@quiz_articles
📰
477.Compostable - пригодный для компостирования
478.To contaminate - загрязнять
479.Conjunction - соединение, связь, сочетание
480.Biodegradable - биоразлагаемый
481.Angst - тревога, беспокойство
482.Unbowed - непокорëнный
@ege_multiple_choice
477.Compostable - пригодный для компостирования
478.To contaminate - загрязнять
479.Conjunction - соединение, связь, сочетание
480.Biodegradable - биоразлагаемый
481.Angst - тревога, беспокойство
482.Unbowed - непокорëнный
@ege_multiple_choice
Ancient ‘smellscapes’ are доносят (запах) out of artifacts and old texts
ID’ing odor molecules and приготовление Cleopatra’s perfume are part of new research on past scents
Ramses VI faced a smelly challenge when he became Egypt’s king in 1145 B.C. The new pharaoh’s first job was to rid the land of the зловония of fish and birds, обитателей of the Nile Delta’s зловонных swamps.
That, at any rate, was the instruction in a hymn written to Ramses VI upon his восхождение to the throne. Some smells, it seems, were considered far worse than others in the land of the pharaohs.
@quiz_articles
ID’ing odor molecules and приготовление Cleopatra’s perfume are part of new research on past scents
Ramses VI faced a smelly challenge when he became Egypt’s king in 1145 B.C. The new pharaoh’s first job was to rid the land of the зловония of fish and birds, обитателей of the Nile Delta’s зловонных swamps.
That, at any rate, was the instruction in a hymn written to Ramses VI upon his восхождение to the throne. Some smells, it seems, were considered far worse than others in the land of the pharaohs.
@quiz_articles
📰
483.To waft - нести, доносить (звук, запах и т. д.)
484.To brew - приготавливать (про жидкости), варить (про напитки)
485.Stench - зловоние, смрад, вонь
486.Denizen - обитатель
487.Fetid - зловонный, вонючий
488.Ascension - восхождение
@ege_multiple_choice
483.To waft - нести, доносить (звук, запах и т. д.)
484.To brew - приготавливать (про жидкости), варить (про напитки)
485.Stench - зловоние, смрад, вонь
486.Denizen - обитатель
487.Fetid - зловонный, вонючий
488.Ascension - восхождение
@ege_multiple_choice
Surviving written accounts indicate that, perhaps unsurprisingly, residents of ancient Egyptian cities encountered a wide array of nice and nasty odors. Depending on the neighborhood, citizens inhaled smells of sweat, disease, cooking meat, ладана, trees and flowers.
Egypt’s hot weather heightened demand for perfumed oils and мази that cloaked bodies in pleasant smells.
“The written sources demonstrate that ancient Egyptians lived in a rich обонятельный world,” says Egyptologist Dora Goldsmith of Freie Universität Berlin. A full grasp of ancient Egyptian culture requires a comprehensive examination of how pharaohs and their subjects made sense of their lives through smell, she утверждает. No such study has been conducted. Archaeologists have traditionally studied visible objects.
Investigations have reconstructed what ancient buildings looked like based on excavated remains and determined how people lived by analyzing their tools, personal ornaments and other осязаемые, материальные finds.
Rare projects have re-created what people may have heard thousands of years ago at sites such as Stonehenge (SN: 8/31/20). Piecing together, much less re-creating, the olfactory landscapes, or smellscapes, of long-ago places has attracted even less scholarly curiosity. Ancient cities in Egypt and elsewhere have been presented as “colorful and monumental, but odorless and sterile,” Goldsmith says.
Changes are in the air, though. Some archaeologists are sniffing out odor molecules from artifacts found at dig sites and held in museums. Others are poring over ancient texts for references to perfume recipes, and have even cooked up a scent much like one presumably favored by Cleopatra. In studying and reviving scents of the past, these researchers aim to understand how ancient people experienced, and interpreted, their worlds through smell.
@ege_multiple_choice
Egypt’s hot weather heightened demand for perfumed oils and мази that cloaked bodies in pleasant smells.
“The written sources demonstrate that ancient Egyptians lived in a rich обонятельный world,” says Egyptologist Dora Goldsmith of Freie Universität Berlin. A full grasp of ancient Egyptian culture requires a comprehensive examination of how pharaohs and their subjects made sense of their lives through smell, she утверждает. No such study has been conducted. Archaeologists have traditionally studied visible objects.
Investigations have reconstructed what ancient buildings looked like based on excavated remains and determined how people lived by analyzing their tools, personal ornaments and other осязаемые, материальные finds.
Rare projects have re-created what people may have heard thousands of years ago at sites such as Stonehenge (SN: 8/31/20). Piecing together, much less re-creating, the olfactory landscapes, or smellscapes, of long-ago places has attracted even less scholarly curiosity. Ancient cities in Egypt and elsewhere have been presented as “colorful and monumental, but odorless and sterile,” Goldsmith says.
Changes are in the air, though. Some archaeologists are sniffing out odor molecules from artifacts found at dig sites and held in museums. Others are poring over ancient texts for references to perfume recipes, and have even cooked up a scent much like one presumably favored by Cleopatra. In studying and reviving scents of the past, these researchers aim to understand how ancient people experienced, and interpreted, their worlds through smell.
@ege_multiple_choice
📰
489.Incense - ладан, благовоние
490.Ointment - мазь
491.Olfactory - обонятельный
492.To contend - настаивать, утверждать, заявлять
493.Tangible - осязаемый,
ощутимый, материальный
@ege_multiple_choice
489.Incense - ладан, благовоние
490.Ointment - мазь
491.Olfactory - обонятельный
492.To contend - настаивать, утверждать, заявлять
493.Tangible - осязаемый,
ощутимый, материальный
@ege_multiple_choice
Molecular odors
A growing array of biomolecular techniques is enabling the identification of molecules from ancient aromatic substances preserved in cooking pots and other containers, in мусоре from city garbage pits, in зубном камне покрывающем on human teeth and even in mummified remains.
Take the humble incense burner, for instance. Finding an ancient incense burner indicates only that a substance of some kind was burned. Раскрывая the molecular makeup of residue clinging to such a find “can determine what exactly was burned and reconstruct whether it was the scent of frankincense, мирра, scented woods or blends of different aromatics,” says archaeologist Barbara Huber.
That sort of detective work is exactly what Huber, of the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History in Jena, Germany, and her colleagues did in research on the walled oasis settlement of Tayma in what’s now Saudi Arabia.
Researchers generally assume that Tayma was a pit stop on an ancient network of trade routes, known as the Incense Route, that carried frankincense and myrrh from southern Arabia to Mediterranean destinations around 2,300 to 1,900 years ago. Frankincense and myrrh are both spicy-smelling resins extracted from кустарников and trees that grow on the Arabian Peninsula and in northeastern Africa and India.
@ege_multiple_choice
A growing array of biomolecular techniques is enabling the identification of molecules from ancient aromatic substances preserved in cooking pots and other containers, in мусоре from city garbage pits, in зубном камне покрывающем on human teeth and even in mummified remains.
Take the humble incense burner, for instance. Finding an ancient incense burner indicates only that a substance of some kind was burned. Раскрывая the molecular makeup of residue clinging to such a find “can determine what exactly was burned and reconstruct whether it was the scent of frankincense, мирра, scented woods or blends of different aromatics,” says archaeologist Barbara Huber.
That sort of detective work is exactly what Huber, of the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History in Jena, Germany, and her colleagues did in research on the walled oasis settlement of Tayma in what’s now Saudi Arabia.
Researchers generally assume that Tayma was a pit stop on an ancient network of trade routes, known as the Incense Route, that carried frankincense and myrrh from southern Arabia to Mediterranean destinations around 2,300 to 1,900 years ago. Frankincense and myrrh are both spicy-smelling resins extracted from кустарников and trees that grow on the Arabian Peninsula and in northeastern Africa and India.
@ege_multiple_choice
📰
494.Debris - мусор (часто строительный)
495.Tartar - зубной камень
496.To cake - покрывать, облеплять, заляпать (преимущественно в Passive)
497.To unravel - раскрывать, распутывать
498.Myrra - мирра (благоволение)
499.Shrub - кустарник
@ege_multiple_choice
494.Debris - мусор (часто строительный)
495.Tartar - зубной камень
496.To cake - покрывать, облеплять, заляпать (преимущественно в Passive)
497.To unravel - раскрывать, распутывать
498.Myrra - мирра (благоволение)
499.Shrub - кустарник
@ege_multiple_choice
But Tayma was more than just a refueling oasis for trade caravans. The desert застава residents purchased aromatic plants for their own uses during much of the settlement’s history, a team led by Huber found.
Chemical and molecular analyses of charred resins identified frankincense in cube-shaped incense burners previously unearthed in Tayma’s residential quarter, myrrh in cone-shaped incense burners that had been placed in graves outside the town wall, and an aromatic substance from Mediterranean mastic trees in small кубки used as incense burners in a large public building.
Fragrances of various kinds that must have had special meanings просачивались a range of daily activities at ancient Tayma, Huber’s group reported in 2018 in Munich at the 11th International Conference on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East.
In a more recent study, published March 28 in Nature Human Behavior, Huber and her colleagues обрисовали ways to detect chemical and genetic traces of ancient scents.
Other researchers have gone searching for molecular scent clues in previously excavated pottery. Analytical chemist Jacopo La Nasa of the University of Pisa in Italy and his colleagues used a portable version of a mass spectrometer to study 46 vessels, jars, cups and lumps of organic material.
These artifacts were found more than a century ago in the underground гробница of Kha and his wife Merit, prominent nonroyals who lived during Egypt’s 18th dynasty from about 1450 B.C. to 1400 B.C. The spectrometer can detect the signature chemical makeup of invisible gases emitted during the decay of different fragrant plants and other substances that had been placed inside vessels.
@ege_multiple_choice
Chemical and molecular analyses of charred resins identified frankincense in cube-shaped incense burners previously unearthed in Tayma’s residential quarter, myrrh in cone-shaped incense burners that had been placed in graves outside the town wall, and an aromatic substance from Mediterranean mastic trees in small кубки used as incense burners in a large public building.
Fragrances of various kinds that must have had special meanings просачивались a range of daily activities at ancient Tayma, Huber’s group reported in 2018 in Munich at the 11th International Conference on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East.
In a more recent study, published March 28 in Nature Human Behavior, Huber and her colleagues обрисовали ways to detect chemical and genetic traces of ancient scents.
Other researchers have gone searching for molecular scent clues in previously excavated pottery. Analytical chemist Jacopo La Nasa of the University of Pisa in Italy and his colleagues used a portable version of a mass spectrometer to study 46 vessels, jars, cups and lumps of organic material.
These artifacts were found more than a century ago in the underground гробница of Kha and his wife Merit, prominent nonroyals who lived during Egypt’s 18th dynasty from about 1450 B.C. to 1400 B.C. The spectrometer can detect the signature chemical makeup of invisible gases emitted during the decay of different fragrant plants and other substances that had been placed inside vessels.
@ege_multiple_choice
📰
500.Outpost - аванпост, застава
501.Goblet - кубок
502.To permeate - пронизывать, проникать, просачиваться
503.To outline - обрисовать, наметить в общих чертах
504.Tomb - [tuːm] - гробница
@ege_multiple_choice
500.Outpost - аванпост, застава
501.Goblet - кубок
502.To permeate - пронизывать, проникать, просачиваться
503.To outline - обрисовать, наметить в общих чертах
504.Tomb - [tuːm] - гробница
@ege_multiple_choice
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🌍Дорогие подписчики!
Словарный запас играет огромную роль в получении высокого балла на экзамене IELTS, но не менее важно правильно использовать сложные синонимы в речи и досконально понимать разницу между ними.
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Словарный запас играет огромную роль в получении высокого балла на экзамене IELTS, но не менее важно правильно использовать сложные синонимы в речи и досконально понимать разницу между ними.
🕯Знаете ли Вы разницу между dam, dike, levee и weir или lithe, limber, supple и pliant?
🕯Hut, shack, shovel и shanty для Вас просто - "хижина"?
Тогда добро пожаловать на наш канал!
https://tttttt.me/+ehsadqoIFkgzYWNi
Подписываясь на этот канал https://tttttt.me/+ehsadqoIFkgzYWNi
вы получаете:
📌5 постов в неделю , которые полностью объясняют разницу между сложными синонимами уровня C1-C2
📌Авторский подбор иллюстраций для лучшего понимания различий между словами
📌Тесты для отработки полученных знаний
📌Объяснение происхождения слов
⚡️Канал с полностью авторским контентом, ведëтся профессиональным преподавателем, который специализируется на подготовке к экзамену IELTS, поэтому подписка ПЛАТНАЯ, составляет минимальные 200 рублей в месяц
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Analyses of residue from inside seven open vessels and of one lump of unidentified organic material detected oil or fat, beeswax or both, the scientists report in the May Journal of Archaeological Science. One open vessel yielded possible chemical markers of dried fish and of a possible aromatic resin that could not be specified.
The remaining containers were sealed and had to stay that way due to museum policy. Measurements taken in the necks of those vessels also picked up signs of oils or fats and beeswax in some cases. Evidence of a ячмень flour appeared in one vessel’s neck.
Museum-based studies such as La Nasa’s have great potential to unlock ancient scents. But that’s true only if researchers can open sealed vessels and, with a bit of luck, find enough surviving chemical components of whatever was inside to identify the substance, Goldsmith says.
Luck did not favor La Nasa’s group, she says. “Their analyses did not detect any [specific] scents.”
Oils, fats and beeswax in the seven open vessels could only have constituted neutral-smelling base ingredients for ancient Egyptian perfumes and ointments, Goldsmith says.
Starting with mixtures of those substances, Egyptian perfume makers added a host of fragrant ingredients that included myrrh, resin and bark from styrax and pine trees, можжевельник berries, frankincense and nut grass. The heating of these смесь, отвар produced strongly scented ointments.
Re-creating Cleopatra’s perfume
A tradition of fragrant лекарство and perfumes began as the first Egyptian royal dynasties assumed power around 5,100 years ago, Goldsmith’s research suggests. Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic and cursive documents describe recipes for several perfumes. But точные ingredients and preparation methods remain unknown.
@ege_multiple_choice
The remaining containers were sealed and had to stay that way due to museum policy. Measurements taken in the necks of those vessels also picked up signs of oils or fats and beeswax in some cases. Evidence of a ячмень flour appeared in one vessel’s neck.
Museum-based studies such as La Nasa’s have great potential to unlock ancient scents. But that’s true only if researchers can open sealed vessels and, with a bit of luck, find enough surviving chemical components of whatever was inside to identify the substance, Goldsmith says.
Luck did not favor La Nasa’s group, she says. “Their analyses did not detect any [specific] scents.”
Oils, fats and beeswax in the seven open vessels could only have constituted neutral-smelling base ingredients for ancient Egyptian perfumes and ointments, Goldsmith says.
Starting with mixtures of those substances, Egyptian perfume makers added a host of fragrant ingredients that included myrrh, resin and bark from styrax and pine trees, можжевельник berries, frankincense and nut grass. The heating of these смесь, отвар produced strongly scented ointments.
Re-creating Cleopatra’s perfume
A tradition of fragrant лекарство and perfumes began as the first Egyptian royal dynasties assumed power around 5,100 years ago, Goldsmith’s research suggests. Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic and cursive documents describe recipes for several perfumes. But точные ingredients and preparation methods remain unknown.
@ege_multiple_choice
📰
505.Barley - ячмень
506.Juniper - можжевельник
507.Concoction - смесь, варево, отвар
508.Remedy - лекарство (часто природного происхождения)
509.Precise - точный
@ege_multiple_choice
505.Barley - ячмень
506.Juniper - можжевельник
507.Concoction - смесь, варево, отвар
508.Remedy - лекарство (часто природного происхождения)
509.Precise - точный
@ege_multiple_choice
IELTS articles pinned «💎Уважаемые подписчики! Многие, судя по личным сообщениям, испытывают проблемы с оплатой доступа к нашему платному каналу IELTS Synonyms https://tttttt.me/+ehsadqoIFkgzYWNi 💸 Поэтому, честь Black Friday мы решили предоставить уникальное предложение. Неограниченный…»