Trippy ' Вихревые Rings' Inside Magnetic Material Seen for First Time, Says Study
Studying the magnetic ring vortex could help продвинуть вперёд data science and neuromorphic engineering.
Everywhere we find жидкость we'll also find vortex rings. But recently, scientists discovered them in an intriguing place — inside a tiny столба (жидкости) composed of magnetic material: the gadolinium-cobalt intermetallic соединение (химическое) called GdCo2, according to a recent study published in the journal Nature.
Typically when we think of material rings, we remember smoke or (underwater) bubble rings — and they're formed when fluid flows back onto itself after making its way through the ограниченное space of a hole or tube.
The new study marks the first time vortex rings were identified in a magnetic material — and confirms a prediction decades in waiting. Additionally, it could also help scientists confirm even more complex magnetic structures theoretically predicted — ones we might use to develop new and inspiring technologies.
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Studying the magnetic ring vortex could help продвинуть вперёд data science and neuromorphic engineering.
Everywhere we find жидкость we'll also find vortex rings. But recently, scientists discovered them in an intriguing place — inside a tiny столба (жидкости) composed of magnetic material: the gadolinium-cobalt intermetallic соединение (химическое) called GdCo2, according to a recent study published in the journal Nature.
Typically when we think of material rings, we remember smoke or (underwater) bubble rings — and they're formed when fluid flows back onto itself after making its way through the ограниченное space of a hole or tube.
The new study marks the first time vortex rings were identified in a magnetic material — and confirms a prediction decades in waiting. Additionally, it could also help scientists confirm even more complex magnetic structures theoretically predicted — ones we might use to develop new and inspiring technologies.
@quiz_articles
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240.Vortex - вихрь; вихревой
241.To advance - двигать вперёд, продвигать
242.Fluid - жидкость, текучая среда
243.Pillar - столб (воздуха, газа, жидкости)
244.Compound - соединение (химическое), состав
245.To constrict - стягивать, сжимать, ограничивать
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240.Vortex - вихрь; вихревой
241.To advance - двигать вперёд, продвигать
242.Fluid - жидкость, текучая среда
243.Pillar - столб (воздуха, газа, жидкости)
244.Compound - соединение (химическое), состав
245.To constrict - стягивать, сжимать, ограничивать
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Magnetic ring vortex seen paired with antivortex
Magnetic ring vortices were initially predicted more than 20 years ago — in 1998, when physicist Nigel Cooper of the University of Cambridge showed the world how magnetic vortices are not unlike the vortex rings we often see in fluid dynamics. The empirical search to witness them, however, was much harder to make плодотворными.
Eventually, the technology required to image magnetization within a material beyond the surface layer was developed — in 2017. Researchers from ETH Zurich and the Paul Sherrer Institute created an X-ray nanotomography technique capable of capturing a 3D image of the magnetization structure within a GdCo2 magnet, Science Alert reports.
While участвуя in the experiments, the researchers — under the leadership of Claire Donnelly from ETH Zurich — found vortices like those we see when we pull a раковину out of water. Such vortices were even paired with their topological аналогами, called antivortices.
Magnetic ring structures 'unexpectedly stable'
However, the vortices didn't behave the way scientists thought they would. Fluid rings are constantly in motion and last for a short time, so they thought magnetic ring vortices would follow the same pattern of behavior — rolling through magnetic material before fading away.
Breaking with the theory, the new trippy vortices held still in a static state — vanishing only when the GdCo2 became отожжёнными, or heated and exposed to strong magnetic fields — which is a process used to reorient magnetization.
"One of the main puzzles was why these structures are so unexpectedly stable — like smoke rings, they are only supposed to exist as moving objects," said Donnelly, who now works with Cambridge University, according to Science Alert.
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Magnetic ring vortices were initially predicted more than 20 years ago — in 1998, when physicist Nigel Cooper of the University of Cambridge showed the world how magnetic vortices are not unlike the vortex rings we often see in fluid dynamics. The empirical search to witness them, however, was much harder to make плодотворными.
Eventually, the technology required to image magnetization within a material beyond the surface layer was developed — in 2017. Researchers from ETH Zurich and the Paul Sherrer Institute created an X-ray nanotomography technique capable of capturing a 3D image of the magnetization structure within a GdCo2 magnet, Science Alert reports.
While участвуя in the experiments, the researchers — under the leadership of Claire Donnelly from ETH Zurich — found vortices like those we see when we pull a раковину out of water. Such vortices were even paired with their topological аналогами, called antivortices.
Magnetic ring structures 'unexpectedly stable'
However, the vortices didn't behave the way scientists thought they would. Fluid rings are constantly in motion and last for a short time, so they thought magnetic ring vortices would follow the same pattern of behavior — rolling through magnetic material before fading away.
Breaking with the theory, the new trippy vortices held still in a static state — vanishing only when the GdCo2 became отожжёнными, or heated and exposed to strong magnetic fields — which is a process used to reorient magnetization.
"One of the main puzzles was why these structures are so unexpectedly stable — like smoke rings, they are only supposed to exist as moving objects," said Donnelly, who now works with Cambridge University, according to Science Alert.
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246.Fruitful - плодотворный
247.To engage - участвовать, заниматься
248.Counterpart - аналог
249.Sink - раковина (водопровода)
250.To anneal - отжигать, прокаливать
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246.Fruitful - плодотворный
247.To engage - участвовать, заниматься
248.Counterpart - аналог
249.Sink - раковина (водопровода)
250.To anneal - отжигать, прокаливать
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Studying magnetic vortex rings may help advance next-gen technology
"Through a combination of analytical calculations and considerations of the data, we determined the root of their stability to the magnetostatic interaction," added Donnelly.
To simplify, these newly-observed vortices interact with magnetization structures surrounding them — holding the rings in place and causing stabilization. The study of how they form and hold a stable pattern might help physicists understand how they may control magnetic vortex rings — which may then help them build better, more advanced technologies, like neuromorphic engineering or data storage.
Additionally, the newly-witnessed vortex rings might also help us better понять magnetization itself. The role singularities play in magnetization processes, for example, isn't the most well-developed body of science.
The observation of vortex rings could also намекнуть at other complex structures scientists might study in greater detail, like solitons — also called magnetic waves.
"The calculation and visualization of the magnetic vorticity and pre-images have proven essential tools in the characterization of the observed three-dimensional structures," wrote the researchers in the new paper.
"The observation of stable magnetic vortex rings opens up possibilities for further studies of complex three-dimensional solitons in объёмных magnets, enabling the development of applications based on three-dimensional magnetic structures," the researchers added.
Whenever we look at ring patterns in smoke or patches of пузырчатой water, we're seeing more than simple vortices of gas or liquid rolling back on itself — we're catching a glimpse of a material behavior slated to play a role in the next generation of data storage, neuromorphic engineering, solitons, and much more — all as significant to future technologies as the rings themselves are trippy.
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"Through a combination of analytical calculations and considerations of the data, we determined the root of their stability to the magnetostatic interaction," added Donnelly.
To simplify, these newly-observed vortices interact with magnetization structures surrounding them — holding the rings in place and causing stabilization. The study of how they form and hold a stable pattern might help physicists understand how they may control magnetic vortex rings — which may then help them build better, more advanced technologies, like neuromorphic engineering or data storage.
Additionally, the newly-witnessed vortex rings might also help us better понять magnetization itself. The role singularities play in magnetization processes, for example, isn't the most well-developed body of science.
The observation of vortex rings could also намекнуть at other complex structures scientists might study in greater detail, like solitons — also called magnetic waves.
"The calculation and visualization of the magnetic vorticity and pre-images have proven essential tools in the characterization of the observed three-dimensional structures," wrote the researchers in the new paper.
"The observation of stable magnetic vortex rings opens up possibilities for further studies of complex three-dimensional solitons in объёмных magnets, enabling the development of applications based on three-dimensional magnetic structures," the researchers added.
Whenever we look at ring patterns in smoke or patches of пузырчатой water, we're seeing more than simple vortices of gas or liquid rolling back on itself — we're catching a glimpse of a material behavior slated to play a role in the next generation of data storage, neuromorphic engineering, solitons, and much more — all as significant to future technologies as the rings themselves are trippy.
@quiz_articles
📰
251.To grasp - понять, постичь
252.To hint - намекать, давать понять
253.Bulk - объёмный
254.Bubbly - пузырчатый, пенящийся
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251.To grasp - понять, постичь
252.To hint - намекать, давать понять
253.Bulk - объёмный
254.Bubbly - пузырчатый, пенящийся
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Ancient Canaanites Added мышьяк to Copper to Create поддельную Currency
The toxic chemical gave the metal a светящийся блеск, enabling forgers to подсовывать, выдавать cheap alloy as silver
People may have eventually accepted the mixed сплавы as legitimate currency.
Centuries before coins first emerged as currency, people in the southern Levant перехитрили their peers with counterfeit tokens, according to an analysis of metal pieces used as money in the eastern Mediterranean region, then known as Canaan, between 1200 and 950 B.C.
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The toxic chemical gave the metal a светящийся блеск, enabling forgers to подсовывать, выдавать cheap alloy as silver
People may have eventually accepted the mixed сплавы as legitimate currency.
Centuries before coins first emerged as currency, people in the southern Levant перехитрили their peers with counterfeit tokens, according to an analysis of metal pieces used as money in the eastern Mediterranean region, then known as Canaan, between 1200 and 950 B.C.
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255.Arsenic - мышьяк
256.Counterfeit - поддельный, фальшивый
257.Luminous - светящийся
258.Sheen - блеск
259.To pass off - подсовывать, сбывать, выдавать себя (за кого-то)
260.Alloy - сплав
261.To outwit - перехитрить, провести, обмануть
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255.Arsenic - мышьяк
256.Counterfeit - поддельный, фальшивый
257.Luminous - светящийся
258.Sheen - блеск
259.To pass off - подсовывать, сбывать, выдавать себя (за кого-то)
260.Alloy - сплав
261.To outwit - перехитрить, провести, обмануть
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As the Times of Israel reports, researchers from the University of Haifa and Hebrew University found eight тайников of metal that appeared to have been manipulated to look like pure silver. At the time of the поддельной currency’s creation, the Egyptians controlled Canaan, though the later part of the period saw the empire’s power steadily decline.
Previous research found that pre-1900 B.C. metal fragments found in the area were 100 percent real silver. But in the early Iron Age, following the collapse of the Hittites and weakening of the Egyptian empire, the disruption of trade routes made silver дефицитным.
“There was a нехватка of silver, probably related to the Late Bronze Age collapse,” lead author Tzilla Eshel tells Live Science’s Tom Metcalfe.
“[Counterfeiting] continued after the Egyptians left Canaan, but they were probably the ones who initiated it.”
Metal currency found in caches from the period contained up to 80 percent copper and only small amounts of silver. The people who made the money added arsenic, which gives copper the appearance of real silver.
“Despite the small percentage of silver in the silverware, they were mixed with other substances such as arsenic that made them look silver, which укрепляет the hypothesis that in at least part of the period it was a преднамеренная forgery,” say the researchers in statement translated by the Times of Israel.
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Previous research found that pre-1900 B.C. metal fragments found in the area were 100 percent real silver. But in the early Iron Age, following the collapse of the Hittites and weakening of the Egyptian empire, the disruption of trade routes made silver дефицитным.
“There was a нехватка of silver, probably related to the Late Bronze Age collapse,” lead author Tzilla Eshel tells Live Science’s Tom Metcalfe.
“[Counterfeiting] continued after the Egyptians left Canaan, but they were probably the ones who initiated it.”
Metal currency found in caches from the period contained up to 80 percent copper and only small amounts of silver. The people who made the money added arsenic, which gives copper the appearance of real silver.
“Despite the small percentage of silver in the silverware, they were mixed with other substances such as arsenic that made them look silver, which укрепляет the hypothesis that in at least part of the period it was a преднамеренная forgery,” say the researchers in statement translated by the Times of Israel.
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262.Cache - [kæʃ] - тайник, схрон, тайный склад
263.To forge - подделывать, фальсифицировать
264.Scarce - недостаточный, скудный, дефицитный
265.Shortage - нехватка, дефицит
266.To reinforce - подкреплять, усиливать
267.Deliberate - преднамеренный, умышленный
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262.Cache - [kæʃ] - тайник, схрон, тайный склад
263.To forge - подделывать, фальсифицировать
264.Scarce - недостаточный, скудный, дефицитный
265.Shortage - нехватка, дефицит
266.To reinforce - подкреплять, усиливать
267.Deliberate - преднамеренный, умышленный
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According to Hannah Brown of the Jerusalem Post, the researchers were unable to determine the silver’s origins, but they identified the copper as the product of mines in the Timna area.
The findings, published in the Journal of Archaeological Science, suggest the forgers most likely used local copper to make small amounts of silver money from previous periods last longer. As Aaron Kalman reported for the Times of Israel in 2013, radiocarbon dating has shown that the Timna copper mines were operational by around the tenth century B.C.
The scientists found the caches of counterfeit money in various locations across modern-day Israel, including the ancient cities of Beit She’an, Megiddo and Ashkelon. The amount of arsenic found in each piece was similar, hinting that the creation of the metal alloys was part of an organized counterfeiting effort.
Donald T. Ariel, the head of the Israel Antiquities Authority, tells the Times of Israel that отчеканенные coins were only used in the Levant as of the end of the seventh century B.C. Before that, people used “proto-coins”—broken pieces of jewelry or other metal fragments valued based on their weight.
This currency system is referenced in Genesis 23, which finds Abraham buying land for the Tomb of the Patriarchs.
“He weighed 400 shekels,” Ariel says. “There were no coins at the time. He weighed pieces of silver.”
The research indicates that the use of false silver continued after Egypt withdrew from Canaan, but the copper source changed from Timna to Faynan. Eshel tells Live Science that what began as forgery may have eventually become an accepted convention for creating валюты.
“I don’t think you can produce silver-copper-arsenic руду for over 250 years and that no one would notice, because it ржавеет [by turning green] over time,” she explains.
The researchers found that long-distance silver trade began again around 950 B.C., with supplies of the metal coming from Anatolia and the western Mediterranean. Starting around that time, currency was once again made out of pure silver.
@quiz_articles
The findings, published in the Journal of Archaeological Science, suggest the forgers most likely used local copper to make small amounts of silver money from previous periods last longer. As Aaron Kalman reported for the Times of Israel in 2013, radiocarbon dating has shown that the Timna copper mines were operational by around the tenth century B.C.
The scientists found the caches of counterfeit money in various locations across modern-day Israel, including the ancient cities of Beit She’an, Megiddo and Ashkelon. The amount of arsenic found in each piece was similar, hinting that the creation of the metal alloys was part of an organized counterfeiting effort.
Donald T. Ariel, the head of the Israel Antiquities Authority, tells the Times of Israel that отчеканенные coins were only used in the Levant as of the end of the seventh century B.C. Before that, people used “proto-coins”—broken pieces of jewelry or other metal fragments valued based on their weight.
This currency system is referenced in Genesis 23, which finds Abraham buying land for the Tomb of the Patriarchs.
“He weighed 400 shekels,” Ariel says. “There were no coins at the time. He weighed pieces of silver.”
The research indicates that the use of false silver continued after Egypt withdrew from Canaan, but the copper source changed from Timna to Faynan. Eshel tells Live Science that what began as forgery may have eventually become an accepted convention for creating валюты.
“I don’t think you can produce silver-copper-arsenic руду for over 250 years and that no one would notice, because it ржавеет [by turning green] over time,” she explains.
The researchers found that long-distance silver trade began again around 950 B.C., with supplies of the metal coming from Anatolia and the western Mediterranean. Starting around that time, currency was once again made out of pure silver.
@quiz_articles
📰
268.To mint - чеканить (монету)
269.Currency - валюта, деньги
270.Ore - руда
271.To corrode - ржаветь, разъедать
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268.To mint - чеканить (монету)
269.Currency - валюта, деньги
270.Ore - руда
271.To corrode - ржаветь, разъедать
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Teeth подвески speak of the elk's выдающийся status in the Stone Age
Roughly 8,200 years ago, the island of Yuzhniy Oleniy Ostrov in Lake Onega in the Republic of Karelia, Russia, housed a large могильник where men, women and children of varying ages were buried. Many of the graves contain an abundance of objects and red ochre, signifying the wish to ensure the comfort of the buried also after death.
Pendants made of лось резцы were apparently attached to clothing and accessories, such as dresses, coats, cloaks, headdresses and belts. Although no clothing material has been preserved, the location of the elk teeth sheds light on the possible type of these outfits.
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Roughly 8,200 years ago, the island of Yuzhniy Oleniy Ostrov in Lake Onega in the Republic of Karelia, Russia, housed a large могильник where men, women and children of varying ages were buried. Many of the graves contain an abundance of objects and red ochre, signifying the wish to ensure the comfort of the buried also after death.
Pendants made of лось резцы were apparently attached to clothing and accessories, such as dresses, coats, cloaks, headdresses and belts. Although no clothing material has been preserved, the location of the elk teeth sheds light on the possible type of these outfits.
@quiz_articles
📰
272.Pendant - подвеска
273.Prominent - выдающийся
274.Burial ground - могильник
275.Elk - лось
276.Incisor - [ɪnˈsaɪzə] - резец, передний зуб
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272.Pendant - подвеска
273.Prominent - выдающийся
274.Burial ground - могильник
275.Elk - лось
276.Incisor - [ɪnˈsaɪzə] - резец, передний зуб
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A people of рифлёные elk tooth pendants
A study возглавляемое by archaeologist Kristiinah Mannermaa, University of Helsinki, aimed to determine who the people buried in outfits decorated with elk tooth ornaments were, and what the pendants meant to them. The study analyzed the manufacturing technique of a total of more than 4,000 tooth ornaments, or the way in which the teeth had been обработаны for attachment or suspension.
The results were surprising, as practically all of the teeth had been processed identically by making one or more small grooves at the tip of the root, which made tying the pendants easier. Only in two случаях, примерах had a small hole been made in the tooth for threading, both of which were found in the grave of the same woman. The tooth pendants found in graves located in the Baltic area and Scandinavia from the same period as the Yuzhniy Oleniy Ostrov graves are almost exclusively perforated.
Perforation is the surest way of fastening the pendant, but making holes in the narrow tip of a tooth is more трудоёмкое than grooving.
Archaeological and ethnographic research has shown that humans have been using decorations almost always and everywhere in the world, for several different purposes.
To many indigenous peoples in Eurasia, including the Sámi communities, decorations have been and still are an important way of describing a person's identity and origin. They are not only aesthetic details, but also connected to intercommunity communication and the strengthening of intracommunity uniformity.
External elements such as ornaments can also influence the names which neighboring groups use to refer to a community. In fact, Kristiina Mannermaa calls the people found in the burial site the people of grooved elk tooth pendants.
@quiz_articles
A study возглавляемое by archaeologist Kristiinah Mannermaa, University of Helsinki, aimed to determine who the people buried in outfits decorated with elk tooth ornaments were, and what the pendants meant to them. The study analyzed the manufacturing technique of a total of more than 4,000 tooth ornaments, or the way in which the teeth had been обработаны for attachment or suspension.
The results were surprising, as practically all of the teeth had been processed identically by making one or more small grooves at the tip of the root, which made tying the pendants easier. Only in two случаях, примерах had a small hole been made in the tooth for threading, both of which were found in the grave of the same woman. The tooth pendants found in graves located in the Baltic area and Scandinavia from the same period as the Yuzhniy Oleniy Ostrov graves are almost exclusively perforated.
Perforation is the surest way of fastening the pendant, but making holes in the narrow tip of a tooth is more трудоёмкое than grooving.
Archaeological and ethnographic research has shown that humans have been using decorations almost always and everywhere in the world, for several different purposes.
To many indigenous peoples in Eurasia, including the Sámi communities, decorations have been and still are an important way of describing a person's identity and origin. They are not only aesthetic details, but also connected to intercommunity communication and the strengthening of intracommunity uniformity.
External elements such as ornaments can also influence the names which neighboring groups use to refer to a community. In fact, Kristiina Mannermaa calls the people found in the burial site the people of grooved elk tooth pendants.
@quiz_articles
📰
277.Grooved - с желобками, рифлёный
278.To head - возглавлять
279.To process - обрабатывать
280.Instance - случай, пример, образец
281.Laborious - трудоемкий
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277.Grooved - с желобками, рифлёный
278.To head - возглавлять
279.To process - обрабатывать
280.Instance - случай, пример, образец
281.Laborious - трудоемкий
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