SQL Interview Questions with Answers

1. How to change a table name in SQL?
This is the command to change a table name in SQL:
ALTER TABLE table_name
RENAME TO new_table_name;
We will start off by giving the keywords ALTER TABLE, then we will follow it up by giving the original name of the table, after that, we will give in the keywords RENAME TO and finally, we will give the new table name.

2. How to use LIKE in SQL?
The LIKE operator checks if an attribute value matches a given string pattern. Here is an example of LIKE operator
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE first_name like ‘Steven’;
With this command, we will be able to extract all the records where the first name is like “Steven”.

3. If we drop a table, does it also drop related objects like constraints, indexes, columns, default, views and sorted procedures?
Yes, SQL server drops all related objects, which exists inside a table like constraints, indexes, columns, defaults etc. But dropping a table will not drop views and sorted procedures as they exist outside the table.

4. Explain SQL Constraints.
SQL Constraints are used to specify the rules of data type in a table. They can be specified while creating and altering the table. The following are the constraints in SQL: NOT NULL CHECK DEFAULT UNIQUE PRIMARY KEY FOREIGN KEY

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How to send follow up email to a recruiter 👇👇

Dear [Recruiter’s Name],

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I understand that you must be extremely busy and receive countless applications, so I wanted to reach out and follow up on the status of my application. If it’s not too much trouble, could you kindly provide me with any updates or feedback you may have?

I want to assure you that I remain genuinely interested in the opportunity to join the team at [company] and I would be honored to discuss my qualifications further. If there are any additional materials or information you require from me, please don’t hesitate to let me know.

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✅ Web Development Mock Interview Questions with Answers 💻🎯

1️⃣ Q: What is the difference between HTML and HTML5?
A: HTML5 is the latest version and supports new elements like <audio>, <video>, <canvas>, and improved semantic tags. It also supports local storage and offline capabilities.

2️⃣ Q: What is the difference between == and === in JavaScript?
A: == compares values after type conversion, while === compares both value and type.
Example: 5 == '5' is true, but 5 === '5' is false.

3️⃣ Q: Explain the Box Model in CSS.
A: The CSS Box Model consists of:
- *Content* → The actual text/image
- *Padding* → Space around content
- *Border* → Around the padding
- *Margin* → Space outside the border

4️⃣ Q: What are the different HTTP methods?
A: Common methods:
- *GET* → Retrieve data
- *POST* → Send data
- *PUT* → Update existing data
- *DELETE* → Remove data

5️⃣ Q: What is the difference between null and undefined in JavaScript?
A:
- null → Assigned value meaning “no value”
- undefined → A variable that has been declared but not assigned a value

6️⃣ Q: What is responsive design?
A: It makes web pages look good on all devices (mobile, tablet, desktop) using CSS media queries and flexible layouts.

7️⃣ Q: What is the role of JavaScript in web development?
A: JavaScript adds interactivity to web pages — like dropdowns, sliders, form validation, etc.

8️⃣ Q: What is DOM?
A: The Document Object Model represents the page structure in a tree format, allowing JavaScript to interact with and manipulate HTML/CSS dynamically.

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Best practices for writing SQL queries:

1- Filter Early, Aggregate Late: Apply filtering conditions in the WHERE clause early in the query, and perform aggregations in the HAVING or SELECT clauses as needed.

2- Use table aliases with columns when you are joining multiple tables.

3- Never use select *, always mention list of columns in select clause before deploying the code.

4- Add useful comments wherever you write complex logic. Avoid too many comments.

5- Use joins instead of correlated subqueries when possible for better performance.

6- Create CTEs instead of multiple sub queries, it will make your query easy to read.

7- Join tables using JOIN keywords instead of writing join condition in where clause for better readability.

8- Never use order by in sub queries, It will unnecessary increase runtime. In fact some databases don't even allow you to do that.

9- If you know there are no duplicates in 2 tables, use UNION ALL instead of UNION for better performance.

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SQL Interview Questions for 0-1 year of Experience (Asked in Top Product-Based Companies).

Sharpen your SQL skills with these real interview questions!

Q1. Customer Purchase Patterns -
You have two tables, Customers and Purchases: CREATE TABLE Customers ( customer_id INT PRIMARY KEY, customer_name VARCHAR(255) ); CREATE TABLE Purchases ( purchase_id INT PRIMARY KEY, customer_id INT, product_id INT, purchase_date DATE );
Assume necessary INSERT statements are already executed.
Write an SQL query to find the names of customers who have purchased more than 5 different products within the last month. Order the result by customer_name.

Q2. Call Log Analysis -
Suppose you have a CallLogs table: CREATE TABLE CallLogs ( log_id INT PRIMARY KEY, caller_id INT, receiver_id INT, call_start_time TIMESTAMP, call_end_time TIMESTAMP );
Assume necessary INSERT statements are already executed.
Write a query to find the average call duration per user. Include only users who have made more than 10 calls in total. Order the result by average duration descending.

Q3. Employee Project Allocation - Consider two tables, Employees and Projects:
CREATE TABLE Employees ( employee_id INT PRIMARY KEY, employee_name VARCHAR(255), department VARCHAR(255) ); CREATE TABLE Projects ( project_id INT PRIMARY KEY, lead_employee_id INT, project_name VARCHAR(255), start_date DATE, end_date DATE );
Assume necessary INSERT statements are already executed.
The goal is to write an SQL query to find the names of employees who have led more than 3 projects in the last year. The result should be ordered by the number of projects led.

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API → Application Programming Interface
Set of rules allowing software apps to communicate and exchange data seamlessly.

IDE → Integrated Development Environment
Software suite combining tools like editor, debugger, and compiler for efficient coding.

OOP → Object-Oriented Programming
Paradigm organizing code around objects and classes for reusability and modularity.

HTML → HyperText Markup Language
Standard markup language for structuring web pages and content.

CSS → Cascading Style Sheets
Stylesheet language defining presentation and layout of HTML documents.

SQL → Structured Query Language
Language for managing and manipulating relational databases.

JSON → JavaScript Object Notation
Lightweight data-interchange format easy for humans and machines to parse.

DOM → Document Object Model
Tree-like representation of a web page's structure for dynamic manipulation.

CRUD → Create, Read, Update, Delete
Core database operations for managing data persistence.

SDK → Software Development Kit
Collection of tools, libraries, and docs for building on a platform.

UI → User Interface
Point of interaction between user and software application.

UX → User Experience
Overall feel of the interaction with a product or service.

CLI → Command Line Interface
Text-based interface for issuing commands to software.

HTTP → HyperText Transfer Protocol
Foundation protocol for data communication on the web.

REST → Representational State Transfer
Architectural style for designing scalable web APIs using standard HTTP methods.

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