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Academic writing (2): structuring an argument


Organising the text

Here are some useful collocations for organising one’s arguments.

Adverbs in English fall into two main categories: those ending in –ly (e.g. softly) and those with other endings (e.g. well ).
In this chapter, I draw a distinction between societies where democracy has developed slowly and those where it came about quickly or suddenly.
But we also need to take into consideration the economic history of Latin America as a whole.

✅ fall into categories
(به دسته های متفاوت تقسیم میشوند)

✅ draw a distinction between
(تمایز قائل شدن بین)

✅take into consideration
(در نظر گرفتن

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Laws and punishments

punishments


✅carry out an investigation
(انجام دادن تحقیقات)

Police are carrying out an investigation into a major theft in a factory in Woodvale.

✅appear in court
(حاضر شدن در دادگاه)

The trial starts today but the witnesses will be appearing in court tomorrow.

✅go on trial
(محاکمه شود)

George Arthur Lode, accused of murdering his wife, went on trial today.

✅ reach a verdict
(تصمیم گرفتن قاضی یا هیئت منصفه برای حکم)
The jury are expected to take several days to reach a verdict.
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Crime
talking about criminal

The judge, Mr Newell, said that Hickey was a hardened criminal who had committed 12 serious offences. He ordered that Hickey should serve a sentence of at least 15 years in prison.

✅ hardened criminal
(مجرم با تجربه )

✅ committed offences
(مرتکب جرم شدن)

✅ serve a sentence
(حکم گذراندن -مثلا حبس گذراندن-)

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Money



✅ spend money (on)

give money as payment for something
(پول خرج کردن)

📌Juan spends a lot of money on travelling.

✅ save money

keep money for use in the future
(پس انداز کردن پول)

📌We’re saving a little money each month to buy a new car next year.

✅ waste/squander money (on)

spend money in a bad way; squander is stronger and is only used about large sums of money

(هدر دادن پول روی.. )

📌Sara wasted/squandered all her money on clothes and fast cars.


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News


💎A Collocations about newspapers


✅(news) story breaks
انتشار اخبار،اخبار انتشار یافت
📌The singer was out of the country when the story about his wife broke.
وقتی ماجرای همسرش انتشار یافت،خواننده خارج از کشور بود.

✅news comes in
خبر های تازه رسیده

✅TV newscaster:

📌News has just come in of an earthquake.
به تازگی خبر زلزله به دست ما رسیده.

✅news leaks out
درز کردن خبر

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War and peace

💎War

📌When war broke out', my grandfather joined the army. War was declared on his 25th
birthday.

He didn't want to go to war but he had no choice.

The government were
sending troops to the south, where they expected fierce fighting.



✅war broke out
جنگ آغاز شده‌است

✅joined the army.
به خدمت نظام در آمدن، سرباز شدن
✅War was declared
جنگ اعلام شد
✅go to war
به جنگ رفتن
✅fierce fighting
جنگ سخت/وحشتناک
مبارزه سخت

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Global problems

💎The environment

💎Look at these extracts from letters to an international magazine.


Your article on climate change was
excellent.

Rising sea levels and the increase
in greenhouse gases¹ are the result of our
actions.

✅climate change
تغییرات اقلیمی
✅Rising sea levels
افزایش سطح دریا
✅greenhouse gases
گازهای گلخانه ای
We are disturbing the ecological
balance everywhere, as can be seen in the
decrease in fish stocks in the oceans.

✅disturbing the ecological balance
به هم زدن توازن اکولوژیکی
✅fish stocks

تعداد ماهی ها، ذخیره ماهی ها

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Time

✅spend time
وقت گذروندن، وقت صرف کردن

📌I spent some time in South America when I was younger.

✅waste time
هدر دادن زمان

✅,save time

ذخیره کردن زمان ،سیو کردن زمان

📌Don't do it like that. You're wasting
time. You'll save time if you do it like this.


✅tell someone the
time
ساعت و زمان را به کسی گفتن

📌Can you tell me the time, please?
Ileft my watch at home.

✅free/spare time
وقت ازاد،وقت بی کاری ،وقت اضافه

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✅sounds in nature

📌At first, there was an eerie silence, then
there was a rumble of thunder in the
distance. Soon, the wind was whistling
through the trees, and we could hear the
waves crashing on the beach. The storm
had begun.


✅eerie silence
سکوت وهم اور
✅rumble of thunder
صدای غرش رعد و برق
✅the wind was whistling
باد زوزه می کشید
✅waves crashing
صدای خروش موجها


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دسترسی اسان به ترجمه دروس کتاب 👇👇
🗃 Learn 1000 Collocations



🗃 #Learn_1000_Collocations

01. #Family
02. #Relationships
03. #Appearance
04. #Character & Behavior
05. #Feelings
06. #Houses & Apartments
07. #Eating
08. #Movies & Books
09. #Music
10. #Sports
11. #Health & Sickness
12. #Computers
13. #Study
14. #Academic English
15. #Work
16. #Business
17. #Money
18. #Travel
19. #Weather
20. #City
21. #Countryside
22. #Crime
23. #Law & Justice
24. #War & Peace
25. #Global Problems
26. #Time
27. #Sound
28. #Size
29. #Light
30. #Color
31. #Texture
32. #Smell
33. #Taste
34. #Statistics
35. #Movement & Speed
36. #Changes
37. #Speaking
38. #Starting & Finishing
39. #Success & Failure
40. #Cause & Effect
41. #Memories
42. #Agreeing & Disagreeing
43. #Beliefs & Doubts
44. #Deciding & Choosing
45. #Claiming & Denying
46. #Liking & Disliking
47. #Praising & Criticizing
48. #Metaphor
49. #Confusing Words
50. #Everyday Verbs

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#درس_هفتم
#درس_هشتم
#درس_نهم
#درس_دهم
#درس_یازدهم
#درس_دوازدهم
#درس_سیزدهم
#درس_چهاردهم
#درس_پانزدهم
#درس_شانزدهم
#درس_هفدهم
#درس_هجدهم
#درس_نوزدهم
#درس_بیستم
#درس_بیست_و_یکم
#درس_بیست_و_دوم
#درس_بیست_و_سوم
#درس_بیست_و_چهارم
#درس_بیست_و_پنجم
#درس_بیست_و_ششم
#درس_بیست_و_هفتم
#درس_بیست_و_هشتم
#درس_بیست_و_نهم
#درس_سی
#درس_سی_و_یک
#درس_سی_و_دو
#درس_سی_و_سه
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#درس_سی_و_ششم
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#درس_چهل
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Distance and size
مسافت و سایز

🔴Distance

✅a considerable/long/short distance from

فاصله (کوتاه یا زیاد) قابل توجه

📌The hotel is a considerable distance from the beach.
[quite a long way]

✅within commuting/walking distance
فاصله معقول ،به اندازه کافی نزدیک که بشه پیاده رفت

📌We have to live within commuting distance of my husband's
office. [where it is possible to travel to work every day]

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Colour and light

رنگ و نور
💎Describing colours
توصیف رنگها
📌I put a pair of red socks in the
washing machine with my white
shirt and my pale blue shorts
and the colour ran.


✅pale blue shorts
شورت ابی کمرنگ
✅colour ran

رنگها قاطی شدن،
به هم رنگ دادن

📌With black jeans the colour always fades after two
or three washes. Is there any way to stop this?

✅colour fades

رنگ محو میشه
رنگش میره


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صفتها و متضاد انها برای توصیف بافت
✅dry hair
☑️greasy hair

موی خشک
موی چرب

📌You need to wash greasy hair more often than you need to
wash dry hair.

✅dry skin
☑️oily skin
پوست خشک
پوست چرب
📌This cream is good for dry skin - that one would be better
for oily skin.

✅smooth skin/surface/
complexion
پوست صاف/سطح صاف/پوست صاف


☑️rough skin/surface/
complexion
پوست زبر و خشن /صطح زبر و خشن /پوست زبر و خشن

📌Use this cream and the rough skin on your hands will soon
become smooth.

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💎Taste and smell

🔴Food and restaurant reviews

Look at these descriptions of smells and tastes in travel review articles.

📌Everywhere you go, the fragrant perfume
of Caranza Island's wild flowers follows you.
And in the village of Jarca, the distinctive aroma of the local dishes and the smell of fresh coffee wafting across the square
from the small cafés is simply wonderful

✅fragrant perfume
عطر خوشبو
✅distinctive aroma
رایحه متمایز

✅smell
رایحه

✅wafting

در این جا کلمه wafting به معنی بویی هست که از اون کافه میاد و میتونیم بگیم یه رد بویی از اون


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💎Number and frequency
Commenting on how much or how many

📌These adjectives collocate
strongly with both number and
amount.

📌Try to use them instead
of small or large where
appropriate.


✅minute number /amount
مقدار یا تعداد جزئی
✅tiny number /amount
مقدار یا تعداد کم،کوچک
✅significant number /amount
مقدار یا تعداد نه زیاد ولی کافی
✅enormous number /amount
مقدار یا تعداد هنگفت ،عظيم
✅surprising number /amount
مقدار یا تعداد شگفت اور
✅considerable number /amount
مقدار یا تعداد قابل توجه
✅substantial number /amount
مقدار یا تعداد اساسی ،قابل توجه

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🔴Movement and speed
حرکت و سرعت


💎Synonyms of fast
مترادفهای fast

✅fast
car, train, lane,
computer, pace
برای ماشین،ترن،مسیر،کامپیوتر و قدم سریع از fast استفاده کنید


📌The fast train to London only takes 45 minutes.
📌I don't like driving in the fast lane on the motorway.

✅quick
look, glance, answer,
decision, shower, lunch
برای نگاه ،نگاه اجمالی ،جواب ،تصمیم ،دوش و ناهار سریع از quick استفاده کنید


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🔴Change

💎Ways of talking about change


💎Small changes

تغییرات کوچیک

📌I made a few adjustments to the gears and my bike works much better now.

✅made a few adjustments
اصلاحات یا تغییرات کوچیک ایجاد کردن

📌We've had to make a slight alteration to our plans for the
evening.

✅make a slight alteration

یه تغییر جزیی ایجاد کردن

📌We've made a few modifications to the software so that it suits our systems better.

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🔴Ways of speaking

💎Wedding speech

📌Whenever I make a speech, I always try to get to the point as quickly as
possible. I could tell a lot of stories about James, my best friend since
childhood, but I don't want to embarrass him, so I won't.


✅make a speech
سخنرانی کردن
✅get to the point
روی اصل مطلب رفتن
✅tell a lot of stories
داستانهای زیادی تعریف کردن


📌 Also, before the
wedding, I gave him my word that I wouldn't crack any jokes, as I'm really
bad at telling jokes. So I'll do no more than wish James and Sophia luck
and hope they have a long and happy life together.


✅gave word
قول دادن

✅crack jokes
جوک گفتن،شر و ور گفتن

✅telling jokes
جوک گفتن

✅wish luck
ارزوی خوشبختی کردن


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🔴Ways of walking


💎Key walking collocations


📌Cathy always preferred to go places on foot rather than driving.

✅to go on foot
با پای پیاده رفتن
📌 She loved going for a walk in the
park in the early morning. There were always a surprising number of people around.

✅going for a walk
پیاده روی کردن

📌Some were taking a stroll with their dogs, while more energetic people chose to go running. Cathy preferred to go for a run in the evenings.

✅go running
دویدن
✅taking a stroll
قدم زدن اروم ،تفرح کنان
✅go for a run
دویدن
📌In the morning she liked a brisk walk. Today she was surprised to
see a man pacing up and down beside the lake.

✅a brisk walk.
پیاده روی تند

✅pacing up and down
یک مسیر را رفتن و برگشتن، معمولا بخاطر اینکه نگران یا مضطرب هستید

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🔴Starting and finishing


💎Starting


PROMISING START FOR AMBROSE
یه شروع نوید بخش برای اَمروس

📌Sally Ambrose, Britain's best hope in this year's
Eurotennis tournament, made a promising
start when she won her first match today
against Sweden's Ulla Hemvik.


✅made a promising
start
شروع امیدوار کننده و نوید بخش داشتن


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