Important Scientists & their theories frm Molecular Basis

1) Fredrick Griffith (1928) - Transformation Principle

2)Avery,Mcleoid &Maclarty (1933-44) - Neither Protein Nor Rna its Dna

3)Harshy Chase(1952) - Bacteriophage exp

4)Maselson &Sthal -Semi cons model of rep(prokaryotes)

5)Taylor -Vicia Fabea Plant (Eukaryotes)

6)Willkins - X ray Crystallography

7)Rosen & Franklin -Helical st of Dna

8)Watson & Crick(1953) -Double helical Dna

9)Crick - Central Dogma

10)Benzer - Benzer Model of Dna (Cistron,Recon ,Muton)

11) Jacob & Monad (1961) - Lac Operon

12)Nirenberg & Khorana - cracking of genetic code

13)Nirenberg - Dicephering Of Codon

14)Hugo De Varies - Mutation Theory

15)Holley - Clover leaf Model

16)Gammow - Codon Is Triplet


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Various forms and function of essential nutrients-

Nitrogen- required by plants in greatest amount, it is absorbed by plants as NO2–, NO3– and NH4+ . It is one of the major constituent of proteins, nucleic acids and vitamins.

Phosphorus- Absorbed by plants from soil in the form of phosphate ions. It is the constituent of cell membrane. All nucleic acids and nucleotides require phosphorus.

Potassium – absorbed as potassium ions (K+). Help to maintain cation-anion balance in cells. It is involved in protein synthesis, opening and closing of stomata.

Calcium – absorbed by plants from soil in form of Calcium ions (Ca2+). Used in synthesis of cell wall. It activates certain enzymes.

Magnesium- absorbed by plants in form of Mg2+ ions. It activates the enzymes for respiration, photosynthesis, and involved in synthesis of DNA and RNA. It is constituent of chlorophyll.

Sulphur- plants obtain sulphur in form of sulphate (SO42-). Present in amino acids (cysteine, methionine) and is main constituent of coenzymes and vitamins.

Iron- obtained in the form of ferric iron (Fe3+). It is important constituent of protein involved in transport system.

Manganese-absorbed in form of Mn2+ ions. Main function is splitting of water to liberate Hydrogen and Oxygen during photosynthesis.

Zinc-obtained as Zn2+ ions. Activate enzymes like carboxylases. Needed in formation of Auxin.

Copper –absorbed as cupric ions(Cu2+). Involved in various metabolic activities and redox reactions.

Boron-absorbed as BO33- or B4O72- ions. Required for uptake of calcium, cell elongation and pollen germination.

Chlorine – it is absorbed in form of Cl– ions. Determine the solute concentration and splitting of water during photosynthesis

Important Scientists & their theories frm Molecular Basis

1) Fredrick Griffith (1928) - Transformation Principle

2)Avery,Mcleoid &Maclarty (1933-44) - Neither Protein Nor Rna its Dna

3)Harshy Chase(1952) - Bacteriophage exp

4)Maselson &Sthal -Semi cons model of rep(prokaryotes)

5)Taylor -Vicia Fabea Plant (Eukaryotes)

6)Willkins - X ray Crystallography

7)Rosen & Franklin -Helical st of Dna

8)Watson & Crick(1953) -Double helical Dna

9)Crick - Central Dogma

10)Benzer - Benzer Model of Dna (Cistron,Recon ,Muton)

11) Jacob & Monad (1961) - Lac Operon

12)Nirenberg & Khorana - cracking of genetic code

13)Nirenberg - Dicephering Of Codon

14)Hugo De Varies - Mutation Theory

15)Holley - Clover leaf Model

16)Gammow - Codon Is Triplet


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🌴 CLASS 12 PHYSICS NCERT HIGHLIGHTS PDF 🌴

✓ Electric Charges and Fields
✓ Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance.
✓ Current Electricity.
✓ Moving Charges and Magnetism.
✓ Magnetism and Matter.
✓ Electromagnetic Induction.
✓ Alternating Current.
✓ Electromagnetic Waves.
✓ Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
✓ Wave Optics
✓ Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
✓ Atoms
✓ Nuclei
✓ Semiconductor Electronics

🔗 CLASS 11 PHYSICS NCERT HIGHLIGHTS PDF 🔗

📛 CLASS 12 BIOLOGY NCERT HIGHLIGHTS PDF 📛

🏵️ UNIT VI 🏵️
✓ Reproduction in Organisms
✓ Sexual Reproduction In Flowering Plants
✓ Human Reproduction
✓ Reproductive Health

🏵️ UNIT VII 🏵️
✓ Principles of Inheritance and Variations
✓ Molecular Basis of Inheritance
✓ Evolution

🏵️ UNIT VIII 🏵️
✓ Human Health and Diseases
✓ Strategies for Entertainment in Food Production
✓ Microbes In Human Welfare

🏵️ UNIT IX 🏵️
✓ Biotechnology: Principle and Processes
✓ Biotechnology and It's Applications

🏵️ UNIT X 🏵️
✓ Organisms and Population
✓ Ecosystem
✓ Biodiversity and Conservation
✓ Environmental Issues

🔻 CLASS 11 BIOLOGY NCERT HIGHLIGHTS PDF 🔻

🔰 Role of nutrients and their deficiency Symptoms 🔰

#Nitrogen

▪️Impart green colour to plant encourages vegetative growth

▪️ Nitrogen is essential constituent of protein

▪️ Constituent of Protoplasm of chlorophyll and coenzyme.

▪️ Play important role in
synthesis of auxin

#Deficiency

▪️ Lower leaves become yellow and dries.

▪️V shaped chlorosis on older leaves or yellowing at tip.

#Disease

▪️Starvation disease due to nitrogen deficiency.

▪️Buttoning in cauliflower.

#Phosphorous

▪️Increase the disease resistance.

▪️ Enhance new cell formation and necessary for root development.

▪️Required for grain formation and maturity of grains.

▪️Phosphorus is essential constituent for nucleic acid and phytin.

▪️Most essential functions are energy storage and transfer energy act as "energy currency".

#Deficiency

▪️Due to deficiency of single element the life cycle of plant can't be completed hence (Agricultureexamslibrary) Phosphorus is called " key of life "

▪️Deficiency imparts dark green colour in leaves.

▪️Later develops red purple colourration.

#Disease

▪️Sickle leaf diseases.

#Potassium

▪️Most essential function of K+ is stomata regulation.

▪️Provides disease resistance in plants.

▪️Cofactor for enzymes.

▪️Formation and translocation of Sugars.

▪️Helps in chlorophyll formation.

#Deficiency

▪️Spot of dead tissue at tips.

▪️Scorching and burning on margins of autumn leaves.

#Disease

▪️Rottle/ dieback disease.

#Calcium

▪️ It is constituent of cell wall

▪️ Calcium is a mobile in plants and deficiency symptoms appear on Meristem tip portion.

# Deficiency

▪️ Terminal bud die

#Disease

▪️Tip hooking.

▪️ Blossom end rot of tomato(BER).

▪️Popping in groundnut.


#Magnesium

▪️ Essential constituent of chlorophyll.

▪️ Magnesium is a constituent of chlorophyll.

▪️Chlorosis between veins.

#Disease

▪️Sand -drown disease of tobacco.

#Sulphur

▪️ Sulphur oxidizing Bacteria is Thiobacillus.

▪️Sulphur is essential for oil seed and pulses because it improves oil content and protein content in oil seeds and pulses, respectively.

#Disease

▪️Akiochi disease of rice due to Excess of hydrogen sulphide.

▪️Tea yellow disease of tea.

#Iron

▪️Fe is the component of nitrate reductase.

▪️Required for nitrogen fixation.

▪️During respiration act as O2 carrier.

#Deficiency

▪️Interveinal complete chlorosis.

▪️Scorching of leaf margin.

▪️Yellowing of iron chlorosis in groundnut.

#Manganese

▪️Formation of chlorophyll.

▪️Co-factor of enzyme.

▪️Mn toxicity causes crinckle leaf of cotton.

#Deficiency

▪️Dead spot on leaves.

#Desease

▪️Marsh spot of pea.

▪️Pahala blight of sugarcane.

#Copper


▪️Compound of plastocyanin.

▪Essential for photosynthesis/ respiration.Agriexams library

▪️Dieback and reclamation disease of cereals.

#Boron

▪ Necessary for Pollen germination.

▪️Boron is the only non-metal element among the micronutrient.

▪️It is necessary for translocation of Sugars and is involved in reproduction and germination of pollen.

#Disease : due to deficiency

▪️Browning of cauliflower is caused by Boron deficiency.

▪️Top sickness of tobacco.

▪️Fruit cracking of tomato.

▪️Hard fruit of citrus.

▪️Hen and chick disease of grape.

#Zinc

▪️In plants it is required for biosynthesis of hormones.

▪️Zn deficiency causes-

-White bud of maize.
-Khaira disease of rice.
-Little leaf of cotton.
-Mottled leaf of citrus.
-Rosette formation.

#Cobalt

▪️It is component of Vitamin B

▪️It is essential for formation of type of hemoglobin in N-fixing nodule tissue known as leghaemogloin.

▪️Act as O2 carrier in roots.

▪️Also known as animal protein factor.

#Molybdenum

▪️Mo: absorbed as molybdate MoO4-2 forms.

▪️Mo is important component of enzyme: Nitrate reductage.

▪️N-fixation in pulses.

▪️Whiptail of cauliflower is due to deficiency of Mo.

▪️Mo is required for carrot & raphanus for sweetness.

𝙋𝙡𝙤𝙞𝙙𝙮 𝙡𝙚𝙫𝙚𝙡 𝙄𝙣 𝘿𝙞𝙛𝙛𝙚𝙧𝙚𝙣𝙩 𝙋𝙖𝙧𝙩𝙨 𝙊𝙛 𝙋𝙡𝙖𝙣𝙩

𝕊𝕡𝕠𝕣𝕠𝕡𝕙𝕪𝕥𝕖

𝚉𝚢𝚐𝚘𝚝𝚎 - 2𝚗
𝙴𝚖𝚋𝚛𝚢𝚘 - 2𝚗
𝚁𝚊𝚍𝚒𝚌𝚕𝚎 - 2𝚗
𝙿𝚕𝚞𝚖𝚞𝚕𝚎 - 2𝚗
𝙲𝚘𝚝𝚢𝚕𝚎𝚍𝚘𝚗 - 2𝚗
𝙽𝚞𝚌𝚎𝚕𝚕𝚞𝚜 - 2𝚗
𝙸𝚗𝚝𝚎𝚐𝚞𝚖𝚎𝚗𝚝 - 2𝚗
𝙼𝚒𝚌𝚛𝚘𝚙𝚜𝚙𝚘𝚛𝚎 𝙼𝚘𝚝𝚑𝚎𝚛 𝚌𝚎𝚕𝚕 - 2𝚗
𝙼𝚎𝚐𝚊𝚜𝚙𝚘𝚛𝚎 𝙼𝚘𝚝𝚑𝚎𝚛 𝙲𝚎𝚕𝚕 - 2𝚗
𝙾𝚟𝚊𝚛𝚢 𝚆𝚊𝚕𝚕 , 𝙵𝚛𝚞𝚒𝚝 𝚆𝚊𝚕𝚕- 2𝚗
𝙲𝚊𝚛𝚙𝚎𝚕 - 2𝚗
𝚂𝚎𝚙𝚊𝚕 , 𝙿𝚎𝚝𝚊𝚕 - 2𝚗
𝚂𝚝𝚊𝚖𝚎𝚗 - 2𝚗
𝙻𝚎𝚊𝚏, 𝚁𝚘𝚘𝚝, 𝚂𝚝𝚎𝚖 - 2𝚗


𝔾𝕒𝕞𝕖𝕥𝕠𝕡𝕙𝕪𝕥𝕖

𝙼𝚒𝚌𝚛𝚘𝚜𝚙𝚘𝚛𝚎 - 𝚗
𝚃𝚞𝚋𝚎 𝚌𝚎𝚕𝚕 , 𝙶𝚎𝚗𝚎𝚛𝚊𝚝𝚒𝚟𝚎 𝙲𝚎𝚕𝚕 - 𝚗
𝙼𝚊𝚕𝚎 / 𝙵𝚎𝚖𝚊𝚕𝚎 𝙶𝚊𝚖𝚎𝚝𝚎 - 𝚗
𝙼𝚎𝚐𝚊𝚜𝚙𝚘𝚛𝚎 - 𝚗
𝙴𝚖𝚋𝚛𝚢𝚘𝚜𝚊𝚌 - 𝚗
𝚂𝚢𝚗𝚎𝚛𝚐𝚒𝚍 - 𝚗
𝙰𝚗𝚝𝚒𝚙𝚘𝚍𝚊𝚕 - 𝚗
𝙴𝚐𝚐 𝙲𝚎𝚕𝚕 - 𝚗
2 𝙿𝚘𝚕𝚊𝚛 𝙽𝚞𝚌𝚕𝚎𝚒 - 𝚗 & 𝚗