Day 7 of self-studying Berkeley CS189 — stochastic gradient descent notes 📚📝
🔥 *Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD)* is a powerful optimization algorithm used to minimize loss functions in machine learning. Unlike batch gradient descent, which uses the entire dataset to compute gradients, SGD updates parameters using a single training example (or a small mini-batch) at a time.
🚀 Key Benefits:
- Faster convergence on large datasets
- Escapes local minima more easily
- Suitable for online learning scenarios
📊 The Update Rule:
Where
📌 Challenges:
- High variance in updates
- Requires careful tuning of the learning rate
🧠 *Tip:* Use momentum or adaptive learning rates (like Adam) to stabilize training!
#MachineLearning #CS189 #SGD #DeepLearning #DataScience #Algorithms
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🔥 *Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD)* is a powerful optimization algorithm used to minimize loss functions in machine learning. Unlike batch gradient descent, which uses the entire dataset to compute gradients, SGD updates parameters using a single training example (or a small mini-batch) at a time.
🚀 Key Benefits:
- Faster convergence on large datasets
- Escapes local minima more easily
- Suitable for online learning scenarios
📊 The Update Rule:
θ = θ - α * ∇J(θ; x⁽ⁱ⁾, y⁽ⁱ⁾)Where
α is the learning rate and (x⁽ⁱ⁾, y⁽ⁱ⁾) is a single training example.📌 Challenges:
- High variance in updates
- Requires careful tuning of the learning rate
🧠 *Tip:* Use momentum or adaptive learning rates (like Adam) to stabilize training!
#MachineLearning #CS189 #SGD #DeepLearning #DataScience #Algorithms
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🔖 Learning Data Science through interactive examples
One of the most useful repositories for those who want to better understand machine learning.
It transforms complex concepts into visual experiments: you can study models, change parameters, and immediately see the results.
⛓ Link to GitHub
https://github.com/GeostatsGuy/DataScienceInteractivePython
#DataScience #MachineLearning #Python #Learning #Tech #GitHub
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One of the most useful repositories for those who want to better understand machine learning.
It transforms complex concepts into visual experiments: you can study models, change parameters, and immediately see the results.
⛓ Link to GitHub
https://github.com/GeostatsGuy/DataScienceInteractivePython
#DataScience #MachineLearning #Python #Learning #Tech #GitHub
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🔖 Over 300 real-world case studies of ML systems from top companies. 🤖
We found a repository that collects genuine ML engineering experience – not theory from textbooks, but real stories of implementing models in production. 📚
Inside, you'll find case studies from Uber, Netflix, Google, and other companies: how they built the architecture, what problems arose, where the systems failed, and what solutions helped them recover. 🏗️
⛓ Link to GitHub
https://github.com/Engineer1999/A-Curated-List-of-ML-System-Design-Case-Studies
#MachineLearning #MLCaseStudies #DataScience #Engineering #Uber #Netflix
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We found a repository that collects genuine ML engineering experience – not theory from textbooks, but real stories of implementing models in production. 📚
Inside, you'll find case studies from Uber, Netflix, Google, and other companies: how they built the architecture, what problems arose, where the systems failed, and what solutions helped them recover. 🏗️
⛓ Link to GitHub
https://github.com/Engineer1999/A-Curated-List-of-ML-System-Design-Case-Studies
#MachineLearning #MLCaseStudies #DataScience #Engineering #Uber #Netflix
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🚀 TOP 8 Machine Learning Regression Metrics Explained
Choosing the right metric isn't academic; it's the difference between a model that works in production and one that breaks trust.
Here's the map every ML engineer should carry in 2026:
1️⃣ MEAN ABSOLUTE ERROR (MAE)
Average miss, easy to explain. On average, we're off by 5 units.
2️⃣ MEAN SQUARED ERROR (MSE)
Squares mistakes → big errors hurt more.
3️⃣ ROOT MEAN SQUARED ERROR (RMSE)
Square root of MSE. Same unit as the target, easier to relate.
4️⃣ R² COEFFICIENT
Explains how much variation your model captures. But don't confuse fit with usefulness.
5️⃣ ADJUSTED R²
Keeps R² honest. Extra useless features won't inflate the score.
6️⃣ MAPE (Mean Absolute Percentage Error)
Errors in percentages. Great for business dashboards, weak if actual values get near zero.
7️⃣ Huber Loss
Blends MAE & MSE. Punishes small errors like MSE, resists outliers like MAE.
8️⃣ Quantile Loss
Perfect when predicting ranges instead of single points like demand at the 90th percentile.
👁 VIEW
● = Actuals ○ = Predictions
MAE → avg |●-○|
MSE → avg (●-○)²
RMSE → √MSE
R² → variance explained
MAPE → % error
Huber → balance (MSE + MAE)
Quant → percentile accuracy
🏆 THE TAKEAWAY
Metrics decide what success looks like.
Choose wrong, and your good model is useless.
Choose right, and you build trust, adoption, and impact.
📝 TL;DR
MAE → simple error
MSE → punishes big errors
RMSE → interpretable scale
R² → fit, not prediction power
Adj R² → guards against overfitting
MAPE → % view, fragile near zero
Huber → outlier-resistant
Quantile → forecasts ranges
#MachineLearning #DataScience #RegressionMetrics #MLOps #AI #TechTips
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Choosing the right metric isn't academic; it's the difference between a model that works in production and one that breaks trust.
Here's the map every ML engineer should carry in 2026:
1️⃣ MEAN ABSOLUTE ERROR (MAE)
Average miss, easy to explain. On average, we're off by 5 units.
2️⃣ MEAN SQUARED ERROR (MSE)
Squares mistakes → big errors hurt more.
3️⃣ ROOT MEAN SQUARED ERROR (RMSE)
Square root of MSE. Same unit as the target, easier to relate.
4️⃣ R² COEFFICIENT
Explains how much variation your model captures. But don't confuse fit with usefulness.
5️⃣ ADJUSTED R²
Keeps R² honest. Extra useless features won't inflate the score.
6️⃣ MAPE (Mean Absolute Percentage Error)
Errors in percentages. Great for business dashboards, weak if actual values get near zero.
7️⃣ Huber Loss
Blends MAE & MSE. Punishes small errors like MSE, resists outliers like MAE.
8️⃣ Quantile Loss
Perfect when predicting ranges instead of single points like demand at the 90th percentile.
👁 VIEW
● = Actuals ○ = Predictions
MAE → avg |●-○|
MSE → avg (●-○)²
RMSE → √MSE
R² → variance explained
MAPE → % error
Huber → balance (MSE + MAE)
Quant → percentile accuracy
🏆 THE TAKEAWAY
Metrics decide what success looks like.
Choose wrong, and your good model is useless.
Choose right, and you build trust, adoption, and impact.
📝 TL;DR
MAE → simple error
MSE → punishes big errors
RMSE → interpretable scale
R² → fit, not prediction power
Adj R² → guards against overfitting
MAPE → % view, fragile near zero
Huber → outlier-resistant
Quantile → forecasts ranges
#MachineLearning #DataScience #RegressionMetrics #MLOps #AI #TechTips
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"Introduction to Machine Learning" is another free textbook on machine learning, approximately 600 pages long, which emphasizes a deep mathematical understanding of the subject. 📚🧮
The book begins with the mathematical foundations necessary for further study: linear algebra, mathematical analysis, probability theory, matrix analysis, and optimization methods. It then covers the main supervised learning algorithms: linear and logistic regression, the k-nearest neighbors method, decision trees, random forests, boosting, and neural networks. 🤖📈
A significant portion of the book is dedicated to probabilistic and generative models. It discusses Monte Carlo methods, graphical models, Bayesian networks, variational methods, normalizing flows, variational autoencoders (VAEs), and generative adversarial networks (GANs). 🎲🧠
The final chapters discuss clustering, principal component analysis (PCA), learning on manifolds, and theoretical estimates of a model's ability to generalize. 🔍📊
In my opinion, this is an excellent resource for those who want to gain a broad understanding of machine learning and understand the mathematics underlying the key methods, rather than treating them as "black boxes." 💡✨
https://arxiv.org/pdf/2409.02668
#MachineLearning #DeepLearning #AI #Mathematics #DataScience #NeuralNetworks
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The book begins with the mathematical foundations necessary for further study: linear algebra, mathematical analysis, probability theory, matrix analysis, and optimization methods. It then covers the main supervised learning algorithms: linear and logistic regression, the k-nearest neighbors method, decision trees, random forests, boosting, and neural networks. 🤖📈
A significant portion of the book is dedicated to probabilistic and generative models. It discusses Monte Carlo methods, graphical models, Bayesian networks, variational methods, normalizing flows, variational autoencoders (VAEs), and generative adversarial networks (GANs). 🎲🧠
The final chapters discuss clustering, principal component analysis (PCA), learning on manifolds, and theoretical estimates of a model's ability to generalize. 🔍📊
In my opinion, this is an excellent resource for those who want to gain a broad understanding of machine learning and understand the mathematics underlying the key methods, rather than treating them as "black boxes." 💡✨
https://arxiv.org/pdf/2409.02668
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DS FULL ARCHIVE.pdf
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A Collection of Machine Learning Libraries for Python 🤖
A large repository containing over 900 libraries and frameworks for machine learning. 📚
All projects are sorted by quality and popularity, which helps you quickly find the best tools for working with AI and ML. ⚙️
Repo: https://github.com/ml-tooling/best-of-ml-python?tab=readme-ov-file#vector-similarity-search-ann
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A large repository containing over 900 libraries and frameworks for machine learning. 📚
All projects are sorted by quality and popularity, which helps you quickly find the best tools for working with AI and ML. ⚙️
Repo: https://github.com/ml-tooling/best-of-ml-python?tab=readme-ov-file#vector-similarity-search-ann
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📚 "Natural Language Processing and Large Language Models" is a new open-access book from Springer, written by Chengqing Zong, Yang Zhao, and Yanjun Ma.
It's almost 400 pages long and provides an introduction to modern natural language processing and large language models.
Inside, you'll find information on: neural networks, distributed representations, language models, Transformers, BERT, GPT, tokenization, sentiment analysis, information extraction, text summarization, natural language understanding, machine translation, question answering, and RLHF.
In my opinion, this is a good reference guide for those who want to understand these topics without a very high barrier to entry. I would recommend it. ✨
https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-92-0682-7
#NLP #LLM #ArtificialIntelligence #MachineLearning #DataScience #TechBooks
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It's almost 400 pages long and provides an introduction to modern natural language processing and large language models.
Inside, you'll find information on: neural networks, distributed representations, language models, Transformers, BERT, GPT, tokenization, sentiment analysis, information extraction, text summarization, natural language understanding, machine translation, question answering, and RLHF.
In my opinion, this is a good reference guide for those who want to understand these topics without a very high barrier to entry. I would recommend it. ✨
https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-92-0682-7
#NLP #LLM #ArtificialIntelligence #MachineLearning #DataScience #TechBooks
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📚 "Mathematical Methods in Data Science with Python" by Sebastian Roche.
🔗 https://mmids-textbook.github.io
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🚨 Cambridge has just released a real bombshell this time.
📚 A whole collection of classic textbooks on AI and machine learning is now available for free in PDF format.
If you want to really understand machine learning and don't want to waste money on overpriced courses, these ten books will be enough to build a very solid foundation.
From simple to complex.
1️⃣ Understanding Machine Learning
One of the best books for beginners. It covers the basic theoretical algorithms of machine learning.
🔗 https://cs.huji.ac.il/~shais/UnderstandingMachineLearning/understanding-machine-learning-theory-algorithms.pdf
2️⃣ Mathematical Foundations of Machine Learning
If you're not very confident in your math skills, I would start here.
🔗 https://mml-book.github.io/book/mml-book.pdf
3️⃣ Mathematical Analysis of Machine Learning Algorithms
A more in-depth look at the mathematical principles of machine learning algorithms.
🔗 https://tongzhang-ml.org/lt-book/lt-book.pdf
4️⃣ Theoretical Principles of Deep Learning
The theoretical foundations of deep learning and an understanding of why it all works.
🔗 https://arxiv.org/pdf/2106.10165
5️⃣ Neural Networks and Learning Machines
A systematic analysis of neural networks and the principles of their training.
🔗 https://arxiv.org/pdf/1901.05639
6️⃣ Graph Deep Learning
A good starting point for those who want to understand graph neural networks.
🔗 https://yaoma24.github.io/dlg_book/dlg_book.pdf
7️⃣ Machine Learning: A Probabilistic Perspective
It allows you to look at machine learning from a probabilistic and algorithmic perspective.
🔗 https://people.csail.mit.edu/moitra/docs/bookexv2.pdf
8️⃣ Probability Theory: Theory and Examples
Fundamental theory of probability. Very useful if you want to understand machine learning beyond the level of using ready-made libraries.
🔗 https://sites.math.duke.edu/~rtd/PTE/PTE5_011119.pdf
9️⃣ Fundamentals of Applied Probability
More focus on the practical application of probability theory.
🔗 https://sites.math.duke.edu/~rtd/EP4A/EP4A_April2021.pdf
🔟 Advanced Data Analysis
An advanced level for those who want to seriously improve their data analysis skills.
🔗 https://stat.cmu.edu/~cshalizi/ADAfaEPoV/ADAfaEPoV.pdf
#AI #MachineLearning #FreeBooks #DataScience #DeepLearning #Tech
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📚 A whole collection of classic textbooks on AI and machine learning is now available for free in PDF format.
If you want to really understand machine learning and don't want to waste money on overpriced courses, these ten books will be enough to build a very solid foundation.
From simple to complex.
1️⃣ Understanding Machine Learning
One of the best books for beginners. It covers the basic theoretical algorithms of machine learning.
🔗 https://cs.huji.ac.il/~shais/UnderstandingMachineLearning/understanding-machine-learning-theory-algorithms.pdf
2️⃣ Mathematical Foundations of Machine Learning
If you're not very confident in your math skills, I would start here.
🔗 https://mml-book.github.io/book/mml-book.pdf
3️⃣ Mathematical Analysis of Machine Learning Algorithms
A more in-depth look at the mathematical principles of machine learning algorithms.
🔗 https://tongzhang-ml.org/lt-book/lt-book.pdf
4️⃣ Theoretical Principles of Deep Learning
The theoretical foundations of deep learning and an understanding of why it all works.
🔗 https://arxiv.org/pdf/2106.10165
5️⃣ Neural Networks and Learning Machines
A systematic analysis of neural networks and the principles of their training.
🔗 https://arxiv.org/pdf/1901.05639
6️⃣ Graph Deep Learning
A good starting point for those who want to understand graph neural networks.
🔗 https://yaoma24.github.io/dlg_book/dlg_book.pdf
7️⃣ Machine Learning: A Probabilistic Perspective
It allows you to look at machine learning from a probabilistic and algorithmic perspective.
🔗 https://people.csail.mit.edu/moitra/docs/bookexv2.pdf
8️⃣ Probability Theory: Theory and Examples
Fundamental theory of probability. Very useful if you want to understand machine learning beyond the level of using ready-made libraries.
🔗 https://sites.math.duke.edu/~rtd/PTE/PTE5_011119.pdf
9️⃣ Fundamentals of Applied Probability
More focus on the practical application of probability theory.
🔗 https://sites.math.duke.edu/~rtd/EP4A/EP4A_April2021.pdf
🔟 Advanced Data Analysis
An advanced level for those who want to seriously improve their data analysis skills.
🔗 https://stat.cmu.edu/~cshalizi/ADAfaEPoV/ADAfaEPoV.pdf
#AI #MachineLearning #FreeBooks #DataScience #DeepLearning #Tech
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