Some European countries such Italy and Austria to name only a few, have already renounced nuclear energy and closed down their existing nuclear power plants. Others, like Germany and Switzerland have announced, following the Fukushima reactor catastrophe that they plan to abandon nuclear power in the near future: Germany by the year 2022 and Switzerland by the year 2034 or slightly later.
Many people living near nuclear test sites were subsequently affected by radioactivity and some regions in the vicinity of these test sides were, years later, still heavily contaminated.
Unfortunately, for most of these contaminations and incidents, lile to no data has been published on the num- ber of affected persons and the health and environmental implications. Only in 2009, did the French government decide that people living near French nuclear test sites on French islands in the South Pacific Ocean affected by nuclear tests should receive indemnity payments.
The crash over Canada of a Russian satellite (Kosmos 954) in 1978 powered by a nuclear reactor, scattered radioactive debris all over Northern Canada.
Two US military aircraft carrying nuclear weapons, crashed, one of them near Palomares in Spain (1966) and the other near Thule in Greenland (1968); the bombs didn’t explode, but a major regional contamination came as a consequence of the crash.
A medical instrument containing a 137Cs source put away on scrap near Goiânia in Brazil (1987) where the radiation source was not dispose safely, causing an im- portant contamination of the scrap dump, four deaths and some 50 injured.
And finally three heavy reactor accidents with severe damage to the installations:
At the (underground) Experimental Nuclear Power Plant (CNL) near Lucens/VD in Switzerland (1969), fortunately with no environmental consequences, as the report to the Swiss Authorities concluded
At the Windscale Nuclear Reactor in Cumberland (now Sellafield), Cumbria, UK (1957),
At the nuclear power plant of TMI5 near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania in the US
Many people living near nuclear test sites were subsequently affected by radioactivity and some regions in the vicinity of these test sides were, years later, still heavily contaminated.
Unfortunately, for most of these contaminations and incidents, lile to no data has been published on the num- ber of affected persons and the health and environmental implications. Only in 2009, did the French government decide that people living near French nuclear test sites on French islands in the South Pacific Ocean affected by nuclear tests should receive indemnity payments.
The crash over Canada of a Russian satellite (Kosmos 954) in 1978 powered by a nuclear reactor, scattered radioactive debris all over Northern Canada.
Two US military aircraft carrying nuclear weapons, crashed, one of them near Palomares in Spain (1966) and the other near Thule in Greenland (1968); the bombs didn’t explode, but a major regional contamination came as a consequence of the crash.
A medical instrument containing a 137Cs source put away on scrap near Goiânia in Brazil (1987) where the radiation source was not dispose safely, causing an im- portant contamination of the scrap dump, four deaths and some 50 injured.
And finally three heavy reactor accidents with severe damage to the installations:
At the (underground) Experimental Nuclear Power Plant (CNL) near Lucens/VD in Switzerland (1969), fortunately with no environmental consequences, as the report to the Swiss Authorities concluded
At the Windscale Nuclear Reactor in Cumberland (now Sellafield), Cumbria, UK (1957),
At the nuclear power plant of TMI5 near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania in the US
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Sure we cannot ignore nuclear disaster effects
https://xn--r1a.website/EnergyFactsTelegram/760
https://xn--r1a.website/EnergyFactsTelegram/770
but like airplanes are more safe than cars
https://xn--r1a.website/CarAccidentsFacts/202
even with nuclear we are improving a lot in security.
We will NEVER have a 100% security, this without any doubt.
No matter WE ARE NOT AGAINST NUCLEAR REMOVAL, compared to Greenpeace!
https://xn--r1a.website/EnergyFactsTelegram/241
https://xn--r1a.website/EnergyFactsTelegram/418
https://xn--r1a.website/PoliticsTelegram/45
https://xn--r1a.website/PoliticsTelegram/24
Nuclear need to be removed only once we know, we can remove = Swiss style
https://xn--r1a.website/EnergyFactsTelegram/86
So this means: NO NEW NUCLEAR, but even not removing nuclear once at all ... if we are NOT ready to replace nuclear with other.
Let we remember that removing nuclear, and increasing coal make no sense!
So yes, there are risk, but we have risk with everything ...
Related
https://xn--r1a.website/EnergyFactsTelegram/622
https://xn--r1a.website/EnergyFactsTelegram/671
https://xn--r1a.website/EnergyFactsTelegram/661
https://xn--r1a.website/EnergyFactsTelegram/681
https://xn--r1a.website/EnergyFactsTelegram/612
https://xn--r1a.website/EnergyFactsTelegram/86
https://xn--r1a.website/PoliticsTelegram/24
https://xn--r1a.website/EnergyFactsTelegram/760
https://xn--r1a.website/EnergyFactsTelegram/770
but like airplanes are more safe than cars
https://xn--r1a.website/CarAccidentsFacts/202
even with nuclear we are improving a lot in security.
We will NEVER have a 100% security, this without any doubt.
No matter WE ARE NOT AGAINST NUCLEAR REMOVAL, compared to Greenpeace!
https://xn--r1a.website/EnergyFactsTelegram/241
https://xn--r1a.website/EnergyFactsTelegram/418
https://xn--r1a.website/PoliticsTelegram/45
https://xn--r1a.website/PoliticsTelegram/24
Nuclear need to be removed only once we know, we can remove = Swiss style
https://xn--r1a.website/EnergyFactsTelegram/86
So this means: NO NEW NUCLEAR, but even not removing nuclear once at all ... if we are NOT ready to replace nuclear with other.
Let we remember that removing nuclear, and increasing coal make no sense!
So yes, there are risk, but we have risk with everything ...
Related
https://xn--r1a.website/EnergyFactsTelegram/622
https://xn--r1a.website/EnergyFactsTelegram/671
https://xn--r1a.website/EnergyFactsTelegram/661
https://xn--r1a.website/EnergyFactsTelegram/681
https://xn--r1a.website/EnergyFactsTelegram/612
https://xn--r1a.website/EnergyFactsTelegram/86
https://xn--r1a.website/PoliticsTelegram/24
We can still not thinking "well over Pacific Ocean = who gives a shit ..." because this is A NO GO way to think!
https://xn--r1a.website/EnergyFactsTelegram/760
Based on our data, we conclude that the radionuclide contamination from the Fukushima Dai-ichi NPP caused harmful effects on Z. maha at physiological and genetic levels.
We cannot evaluate the effects on humans directly from the results of the Z. maha study. However, considering the exceptionally large amounts of radioactive materials released into the en- vironment, which according to a news release (August 26th 2011) from the Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry was 168.5 times as large as the Hiroshima atomic bomb (this is likely a significant under- estimate) [28,112,113], underestimating the effects on organisms (including humans) and ecosystems without any experimental evidence is not advisable.
At this point, nobody can scientifically present conclusive data demonstrating that the long-term low-dose exposure in the Fukushima area is safe or unsafe for humans, not to mention for humans with physical or mental weaknesses and those who will be born in the next generation. “No data” should not be confused with “safe”.
The highest total Cs concentration (18700 Bq kg-1) was found in masu salmon in March 2012 from the Sousou region near the F1NPP site (Table 2 and Figure 3); such a high concentration was not found between April 2012 and March 2014. Although each radiocesium isotope concen-tration decreased gradually, there were still detectable amounts in freshwater fish in Fukushima prefecture that exceeded 100 Bq kg-1 (i.e. the Japanese safety limit) of 134Cs and 137Cs even three years after the F1NPP accident.
The 1.3 million cubic meters/tons of radioactive waste water at the Fukushima Daiichi plant, currently in tanks, is scheduled to be discharged into the Pacific Ocean this year https://perma.cc/AB89-TMUR
https://xn--r1a.website/EnergyFactsTelegram/760
Based on our data, we conclude that the radionuclide contamination from the Fukushima Dai-ichi NPP caused harmful effects on Z. maha at physiological and genetic levels.
We cannot evaluate the effects on humans directly from the results of the Z. maha study. However, considering the exceptionally large amounts of radioactive materials released into the en- vironment, which according to a news release (August 26th 2011) from the Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry was 168.5 times as large as the Hiroshima atomic bomb (this is likely a significant under- estimate) [28,112,113], underestimating the effects on organisms (including humans) and ecosystems without any experimental evidence is not advisable.
At this point, nobody can scientifically present conclusive data demonstrating that the long-term low-dose exposure in the Fukushima area is safe or unsafe for humans, not to mention for humans with physical or mental weaknesses and those who will be born in the next generation. “No data” should not be confused with “safe”.
The highest total Cs concentration (18700 Bq kg-1) was found in masu salmon in March 2012 from the Sousou region near the F1NPP site (Table 2 and Figure 3); such a high concentration was not found between April 2012 and March 2014. Although each radiocesium isotope concen-tration decreased gradually, there were still detectable amounts in freshwater fish in Fukushima prefecture that exceeded 100 Bq kg-1 (i.e. the Japanese safety limit) of 134Cs and 137Cs even three years after the F1NPP accident.
The 1.3 million cubic meters/tons of radioactive waste water at the Fukushima Daiichi plant, currently in tanks, is scheduled to be discharged into the Pacific Ocean this year https://perma.cc/AB89-TMUR
Germany 8113 MW(e)
Germany 83.3 mio = 97.4MW(e)/mio
Operational since 1985-1989 5 PWR 1 BWR
Switzerland 2960 MW(e)
Switzerland 8.64 mio = 343MW(e)/mio!!!
Operational since 1969-1984 3 PWR 1 BWR
Ukraine 13107 MW(e)
Operational since 1981-2006 All PWR
France 61370 MW(e)
Operational since 1979-2022 All PWR
About PWR BWR
https://xn--r1a.website/EnergyFactsTelegram/671
https://xn--r1a.website/AfDFakten/312
Most reactors under construction today started construction in the last ten years. The small number that have taken longer are either pilot plants, first-of-a-kind (FOAK) reactors, or projects where construction was suspended before being restarted. Construction on Khmelnitski 3&4, Ukraine, started in 1986 and 1987, respectively, but there has been no active progress since construction was halted in 1990. Mochovce 4, in Slovakia, started construction in 1987, as did Mochovce 3, its sister unit. Mochovce 3 was grid-connected in January 2023.
Germany 83.3 mio = 97.4MW(e)/mio
Operational since 1985-1989 5 PWR 1 BWR
Switzerland 2960 MW(e)
Switzerland 8.64 mio = 343MW(e)/mio!!!
Operational since 1969-1984 3 PWR 1 BWR
Ukraine 13107 MW(e)
Operational since 1981-2006 All PWR
France 61370 MW(e)
Operational since 1979-2022 All PWR
About PWR BWR
https://xn--r1a.website/EnergyFactsTelegram/671
https://xn--r1a.website/AfDFakten/312
Most reactors under construction today started construction in the last ten years. The small number that have taken longer are either pilot plants, first-of-a-kind (FOAK) reactors, or projects where construction was suspended before being restarted. Construction on Khmelnitski 3&4, Ukraine, started in 1986 and 1987, respectively, but there has been no active progress since construction was halted in 1990. Mochovce 4, in Slovakia, started construction in 1987, as did Mochovce 3, its sister unit. Mochovce 3 was grid-connected in January 2023.