Data validation with Pydantic! 🐍✨

In the early stages of development, data validation usually doesn't cause problems. In many Python projects, validation initially looks simple:

if not isinstance(age, int):
    raise ValueError("age must be an int")

But then come email, JSON from APIs, query parameters, nested objects, configs, nullable fields, and type conversion. At some point, the code turns into a set of if/else and manual checks.

For such tasks, Pydantic is often used. Installation:

pip install pydantic
pip install "pydantic[email]"

Create a model:

from pydantic import BaseModel

class User(BaseModel):
    name: str
    age: int

Now the data is validated automatically:

user = User(
    name="Alex",
    age="30"
)

print(user.age)
print(type(user.age))

The result:
30
<class 'int'>

Pydantic will automatically convert the string "30" to an int. If you pass an incorrect value, you'll get a ValidationError:

User(
    name="Alex",
    age="test"
)

This is especially convenient when working with APIs, JSON, query parameters, and incoming data from outside.

A common production case is checking email:

from pydantic import BaseModel, EmailStr

class User(BaseModel):
    email: EmailStr

User(email="alex@test.com")

If the email is invalid, Pydantic will throw a ValidationError. You can set default values:

from pydantic import BaseModel

class Config(BaseModel):
    host: str = "localhost"
    port: int = 5432

And allow None:

from pydantic import BaseModel

class User(BaseModel):
    nickname: str | None = None

This field becomes optional. A practical example is processing an API response:

from pydantic import BaseModel

class Product(BaseModel):
    id: int
    title: str
    price: float

data = {
    "id": "1",
    "title": "Keyboard",
    "price": "99.5"
}

product = Product(**data)

print(product)

The types will be automatically converted. For nested model structures, you can combine:

from pydantic import BaseModel

class Address(BaseModel):
    city: str
    zip_code: str

class User(BaseModel):
    name: str
    address: Address

user = User(
    name="Alex",
    address={
        "city": "Berlin",
        "zip_code": "10115"
    }
)

print(user)

The nested object will also be validated. Serialization in Pydantic v2:

print(user.model_dump())
print(user.model_dump_json())

Pydantic is actively used in FastAPI, ETL, microservices, data pipelines, and API clients.

For working with environment variables in Pydantic v2, a separate package is usually used:

pip install pydantic-settings

It's important to understand: Pydantic is not an ORM and does not replace business logic. Its task is to validate data, convert types, and describe schemas.

🔥 Pydantic significantly reduces the amount of manual data validation and makes processing incoming structures more predictable.

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