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温室气体浓度再创新高
11 月15日,日内瓦(WMO)- 世界气象组织(WMO)的一份最新报告显示,去年大气中吸热温室气体丰度再次创下新高,而且上升趋势看不到结束的迹象。

2022年,最重要的温室气体 - 二氧化碳(CO2)的全球平均浓度首次比前工业化时代高出整整50%。2023年,其浓度在继续上升。

https://ane4bf-datap1.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/wmocms/s3fs-public/ckeditor/files/Screenshot_2023-11-13_112437.jpg?pCW7CG3gnBadwJC2zLrkYz2dVJ8XvNab

根据WMO的《温室气体公报》,CO2浓度的增长率略低于前一年和十年的平均水平。但报告指出,这很可能是由于碳循环的自然、短期变化造成的,报告还指出工业活动导致的新排放量在持续上升。

该《温室气体公报》的发布是为了向在迪拜举行的联合国气候变化谈判(即COP28)提供信息。根据此报告,甲烷的浓度也有所增长,而第三大气体 - 一氧化二氮的水平在2021年至2022年期间的同比增幅也创下了最高纪录。

WMO秘书长佩特里·塔拉斯教授说:“尽管科学界发出了数十年的警告、编写了数千页的报告、召开了数十次气候会议,但我们仍在背道而驰。”

塔拉斯教授说:“目前的温室气体浓度水平会让我们在本世纪末的升温幅度远超《巴黎协定》的目标。随之而来的将是更极端的天气,包括酷热和降雨、冰雪消融、海平面上升、海洋高温和酸化。社会经济和环境成本将急剧上升。当务之急是必须紧急减少化石燃料的消耗。”

仅有不到一半的CO2排放量存留在大气中。海洋的吸收率仅略高于四分之一,森林等陆地生态系统的吸收率仅略低于30%,尽管其逐年变率相当大。只要继续排放,CO2就会继续在大气中累积,导致全球升温。由于CO2的寿命很长,即使排放量迅速减少到净零,已观测到的温度水平也将持续几十年。

地球上一次出现类似的CO2浓度是在300-500万年前,当时的温度比现在高2-3°C,海平面比现在高10-20米。

塔拉斯教授说:“没有魔法棒可以消除大气中过量的二氧化碳。但是,通过WMO全新的全球温室气体监视网,我们拥有了工具,可以加强对气候变化驱动因素的了解。这将极大地改善持续观测和监测,为实现更具雄心的气候目标提供支持。”

全球温室气体监视网

今年5月的世界气象大会批准了全球温室气体监视网,这份WMO公报正是以此为封面故事。这项雄心勃勃的倡议旨在对温室气体进行持续监测,以便能够说明与人类活动有关的温室气体排放以及天然源和汇。这将为实现《巴黎协定》将全球升温控制在远低于超出工业化前水平摄氏2°C并力争1.5°C的目标提供重要信息和支持。

尽管科学界对气候变化及其影响已有广泛的了解,但关于碳循环以及海洋、陆地生物圈和多年冻土区的通量仍存在一些不确定因素。

《温室气体公报》指出“然而,这些不确定性决不能阻碍采取行动。相反,它们凸显了制定灵活、适应性战略的必要性,以及风险管理在实现净零排放和《巴黎协定》目标道路上的重要性。提供准确、及时和可操作的温室气体通量数据变得更加重要。”

报告指出有必要更多地获取以下信息:

* 反馈机制:地球气候系统具有多重反馈回路,例如,气候变化导致土壤碳排放量增加或海洋碳吸收量减少,欧洲2018年和2022年的干旱正说明了这一点;
* 临界点:气候系统可能接近所谓的“临界点”,当达到临界点时,一定程度的变化会导致自我加速和可能不可逆转的连锁变化。例如,亚马逊雨林可能迅速枯萎、北部海洋环流减慢或大冰盖不稳定;
* 自然变率:三种主要温室气体在人为信号(如受厄尔尼诺现象驱动)叠加的自然过程的驱动下具有很大的变率。这种变率可以放大或抑制短期内观测到的变化;
* 非CO₂温室气体:气候变化是由多种温室气体驱动的,而不仅仅是CO2。这些气体在大气中的存在时间不同,其全球升温潜势(GWP)高于CO2,而且未来的排放量也不确定。
新的全球温室气体监视网拟于2028年投入运行。

2022年温室气体浓度

美国国家海洋和大气管理局(NOAA)的年度温室气体指数(AGGI)显示,从1990年到2022年,长寿命温室气体对气候的变暖效应(称为辐射强迫)增加了49%,其中CO2约占增加量的78%。

表1:GAW温室气体实地观测网络中主要温室气体的全球表面年均丰度(2022 年)和趋势。单位为干空气摩尔分数,不确定性为68%的信度区间。
CO2

CH4

N2O

2022年全球平均丰度

417.9±0.2 ppm

1923±2 ppb

335.8±0.1 ppb

2022年相对于1750年a的丰度

150%

264%

124%

2021-2022年绝对增长

2.2 ppm

16 ppb

1.4 ppb

2021-2022年相对增长

0.53%

0.84%

0.42%

过去10年的年均绝对增幅

2.46 ppm/年

10.2 ppb/年

1.05 ppb/年

二氧化碳是大气中最重要的温室气体,约占气候变暖效应的64%,这主要是由化石燃料燃烧和水泥生产造成的。

2021年至2022年的年均增长率为百万分之2.2(ppm),略低于2020年至2021年以及过去十年的增长率(2.46 ppm/年)。最可能的原因是,在连续几年出现拉尼娜现象后,陆地生态系统和海洋对大气CO2的吸收增加。因此,2023年厄尔尼诺事件的发展可能会对温室气体浓度产生影响。

甲烷是一种强大的温室气体,在大气中可存留十年左右。

在长寿命温室气体的变暖效应中,甲烷约占16%。

排放到大气中的甲烷大约40%来自自然源(如湿地和白蚁),大约60%来自人为源(如反刍动物、水稻种植、化石燃料开采、垃圾填埋和生物质燃烧)。

2021年至2022年的增幅略低于2020年至2021年的创纪录增幅,但大大高于过去十年的年均增幅。

一氧化二氮既是强大的温室气体,也是消耗臭氧层的化学品。它约占长寿命温室气体辐射强迫的7%。

排放到大气中的N2O既有自然源(约60%)也有人为源(约40%),包括海洋、土壤、生物质燃烧、化肥使用和各种工业过程。

就N2O而言,2021年至2022年的增幅高于现代记录中已观测的任何时间。

编者按

WMO全球大气监视网计划负责协调对温室气体和其他大气成分的系统观测和分析。温室气体测量数据由日本气象厅世界温室气体数据中心(WDCGG)存档和分发。

联合国环境规划署将于11月20日发布一份单独的补充性《排放差距报告》。该《排放差距报告》评估了关于当前和未来温室气体排放估计的最新科学研究;他们将这些研究成果与世界在实现《巴黎协定》目标的最低成本路径上取得进展所允许的排放水平进行了比较。“可能达到的水平与需要达到的水平”之间的差异被称为排放差距。
世界气象组织是联合国系统关于天气、气候和水的权威机构
欲获更多信息,请联系:

Clare Nullis,WMO媒体官员,cnullis@wmo.int或media@wmo.int,电话:+41-79-7091397
Language
Chinese, Simplified

Featured Media

thumbnails_GHG.jpg

Type of news

Press Release

Publish Date

Wednesday, November 15, 2023 - 07:00

Tags

Greenhouse gases

Press Release Number

15112023

Headline
创纪录的吸热气体水平意味着进一步升温

碳收支正在迅速缩减

气候变化的影响包括更极端的天气和海平面上升

全球温室气体监视网将支持气候行动
Editorial Section

CPA

Contact

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