In : [(x, y) for x in range(3) for y in range(3)]
Out: [
    (0, 0), (0, 1), (0, 2),
    (1, 0), (1, 1), (1, 2),
    (2, 0), (2, 1), (2, 2)
]

In : [
    (x, y)
    for x in range(3)
    for y in range(3)
    if x != 0
    if y != 0
]
Out: [(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1), (2, 2)]

In : [
    (x, y)
    for x in range(3)
    for y in range(x + 2)
    if x != y
]
Out: [
    (0, 1),
    (1, 0), (1, 2),
    (2, 0), (2, 1), (2, 3)
]

In : [
    (x, y)
    for x in range(5)
    if x % 2
    for y in range(x + 2)
    if x != y
]
Out: [
    (1, 0), (1, 2),
    (3, 0), (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 4)
]

def print_whole_file(
    *,
    path: Optional[str] = None,
    file_obj: Optional[TextIO] = None
):
    assert path or file_obj

    if path:
        with open(path) as f:
            print(f.read(), end='')
    else:
        print(file_obj.read(), end='')

def print_whole_file(
    *,
    path: Optional[str] = None,
    file_obj: Optional[TextIO] = None
):
    assert path or file_obj

    with ExitStack() as stack:
        if path:
            file_obj = stack.enter_context(
                open(path)
            )

        print(file_obj.read(), end='')

def print_whole_file(
    *,
    path: Optional[str] = None,
    file_obj: Optional[TextIO] = None
):
    assert path or file_obj

    if path:
        context = open(path)
    else:
        context = nullcontext(file_obj)

    with context as f:
        print(f.read(), end='')

try:
    await action()
except asyncio.CancelledError:
    raise
except Exception:
    logging.exception('action failed')

def make_closure(x):
    def closure():
        print(x)

    return closure

make_closure(2)()

def make_closure(x):
    def closure():
        print(x)
        x *= 2
        print(x)

    return closure

make_closure(2)()

def make_closure(x):
    def closure():
        nonlocal x
        print(x)
        x *= 2
        print(x)

    return closure

make_closure(2)()

@property
def x(self):
    return self._x

@x.setter
def x(self, value):
    self._x = value

from functools import wraps

def make_case_decorator(func):
    def case_decorator(*case_decorator_args):
        def decorator(special_case_func):
            @wraps(func)
            def decorated(*args):
                if case_decorator_args == args:
                    return special_case_func(*args)
                return func(*args)

            decorated.case = make_case_decorator(decorated)

            return decorated

        return decorator

    return case_decorator


def special_cases(func):
    @wraps(func)
    def decorated(*args):
        return func(*args)

    decorated.case = make_case_decorator(decorated)

    return decorated


@special_cases
def fact(x):
    return x * fact(x - 1)

@fact.case(0)
def fact(x):
    return 1

@fact.case(10)
def fact(x):
    print(f'(сработала оптимизация для {x})')
    return 3628800