Consequences of a warming ocean
• Loss of breeding grounds on land and at sea
• Impacts on breeding successes
• Changes in foraging strategies
• Sex ratio shifts
• Seasonality shifts leading to mismatches in prey and predator occurrences
• Poleward movement of fish shifting from 10s to 100s of km per decade
• Species invasions and local extinctions
• Shifts in community structure
• Shifts in fishing grounds of target species
• Reduction in the physical size of species in response to food and nutrient limitations
• Reduction in size of fish leading to reduced fecundity, altered trophic interactions and decreased sheries yield
• Potential increases in bycatch when overlaps of distributions of target and non-target species increases
• Whole marine ecosystem shifts as species respond to shifting boundaries in ocean temperature and decoupling of community structure

In Europe researchers found “a highly statistically significant relationship” between the number of asylum applications logged by the EU and average temperatures in the maize growing regions of countries like Pakistan.
https://xn--r1a.website/DefenceTelegram/405

What is evident from recent research is that the ocean is already too warm (Figure 10) and tending towards acidic conditions that are too much for some marine species, and as progressive locked-in changes occur, not only will more species be affected, but the opportunities to take mitigation and adaptation actions will reduce.

Anthropogenically-forced ocean thermal expansion and ice sheet melting, along with a much smaller contribution from changes in land-water storage, have led to a global mean sea-level rise of 3.3 ± 0.4 mm yr−1 over the last two decades, most likely the fastest in at least 2800 years.

The five case studies are the impacts of ocean warming and change on:
• Weather and extreme storm events
• Human health and diseases
• Harmful algal blooms
• Coral bleaching
• Food security via fisheries and aquaculture